Aza-aryl 1H-pyrazol-1-yl benzene sulfonamides

ABSTRACT

Compounds are provided that act as potent antagonists of the CCR(9) receptor. Animal testing demonstrates that these compounds are useful for treating inflammation, a hallmark disease for CCR(9). The compounds are generally aryl sulfonamide derivatives and are useful in pharmaceutical compositions, methods for the treatment of CCR(9)-mediated diseases, and as controls in assays for the identification of CCR(9) antagonists.

REFERENCE TO EARLIER FILED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 14/541,637, filed Nov. 14, 2014, which is a continuation ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/781,412, filed Feb. 28, 2013, whichclaims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/604,998, filed Feb. 29, 2012, and titled “AZA-ARYL1H-PYRAZOL-1-7L ENZENE SULFONAMIDES,” which are incorporated, in theirentirety, by this reference.

BACKGROUND

The present invention provides compounds and pharmaceutical compositionscontaining one or more of those compounds or their pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts, that are effective in inhibiting the binding orfunction of various chemokines to chemokine receptors. As antagonists ormodulators of chemokine receptors, the compounds and compositions haveutility in treating various immune disorder conditions and diseases.

Chemokines, also known as chemotactic cytokines, are a group of smallmolecular-weight proteins that are released by a wide variety of cellsand have a variety of biological activities. Chemokines attract varioustypes of cells of the immune system, such as macrophages, T cells,eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils, and cause them to migrate fromthe blood to various lymphoid and none-lymphoid tissues. They mediateinfiltration of inflammatory cells to sites of inflammation, and areresponsible for the initiation and perpetuation of many inflammationdiseases (reviewed in Schall, Cytokine, 3:165-183 (1991), Schall et al.,Curr. Opin. Immunol., 6:865-873 (1994)).

In addition to stimulating chemotaxis, chemokines can induce otherchanges in responsive cells, including changes in cell shape, granuleexocytosis, integrin up-regulation, formation of bioactive lipids (e.g.,leukotrienes), respiratory burst associated with leukocyte activation,cell proliferation, resistance to induction of apoptosis andangiogenesis. Thus, chemokines are early triggers of the inflammatoryresponse, causing inflammatory mediator release, chemotaxis andextravasation to sites of infection or inflammation. They are alsostimulators of a multitude of cellular processes that bear importantphysiological functions as well as pathological consequences.

Chemokines exert their effects by activating chemokine receptorsexpressed by responsive cells. Chemokine receptors are a class ofG-protein coupled receptors, also known as seven-transmembranereceptors, found on the surface of a wide variety of cell types such asleukocytes, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and tumor cells.

Chemokines and chemokine receptors are expressed by intrinsic renalcells and infiltrating cells during renal inflammation (Segerer et al.,J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 11:152-76 (2000); Morii et al., J. DiabetesComplications, 17:11-5 (2003); Lloyd et al. J. Exp. Med., 185:1371-80(1997); Gonzalez-Cuadrado et al. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 106:518-22 (1996);Eddy & Giachelli, Kidney Int., 47:1546-57 (1995); Diamond et al., Am. J.Physiol., 266:F926-33 (1994)).

Tlymphocyte (T cell) infiltration into the small intestine and colon hasbeen linked to the pathogenesis of Coeliac diseases, food allergies,rheumatoid arthritis, human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) whichinclude Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Blocking trafficking ofrelevant T cell populations to the intestine can lead to an effectiveapproach to treat human IBD. More recently, chemokine receptor-9(CCR(9)) has been noted to be expressed on gut-homing T cells inperipheral blood, elevated in patients with small bowel inflammationsuch as Crohn's disease and celiac disease. The only CCR(9) ligandidentified to date, TECK (thymus-expressed chemokine) is expressed inboth the small and large intestines and the ligand receptor pair is nowthought to play a pivotal role in the development of IBD. In particular,this pair mediates the migration of disease causing inflammatory cellsto the intestine. See for example, Zaballos et al., J. Immunol.,162(10):5671-5675 (1999); Kunkel et al., J. Exp. Med., 192(5):761-768(2000); Papadakis et al., J. Immunol., 165(9):5069-5076 (2000);Papadakis et al., Gastroenterology, 121(2):246-254 (2001); Campbell etal., J. Exp. Med., 195(1):135-141 (2002); Wurbel et al., Blood,98(9):2626-2632 (2001); and Uehara et al., J. Immunol, 168(6):2811-2819(2002); Rivera-Nieves et al., Gastroenterology, 2006 November;131(5):1518-29; and Kontoyiannis et al., J. Exp. Med., Vol. 196, Number12, Dec. 16, 2002. In addition CCR(9) bearing lymphocytes have been showto mediate the pathology of filariasis (lymphatic filarial disease) andinhibition of CCR(9) has been correlated with reduction of the pathologyassociated with such conditions. See for example Babu et al., Journal ofInfectious Diseases, 191: 1018-26, 2005.

The identification of compounds that modulate the function of CCR(9)represents an attractive new family of therapeutic agents for thetreatment of inflammatory and other conditions and diseases associatedwith CCR(9) activation, such as inflammatory bowel disease.

US 2011/0130426 discloses compounds of formula I and their use inmedical therapy such as modulating the glucocorticoid receptor in warmblooded animals:

WO 02/00651 discloses compounds of formula (Ia) as inhibitors oftrypsin-like serine protease enzymes, and methods of using the same asanti-coagulant agents for treatment and prevention of thromboembolicdisorders:

BRIEF SUMMARY

The present invention is directed to compounds and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof, compositions, and methods useful in modulatingchemokine activity and chemokine receptor activity. The compounds andsalts thereof, compositions, and methods described herein are useful intreating or preventing chemokine-mediated conditions or diseases,including certain inflammatory and immunoregulatory disorders anddiseases.

The compounds of the present invention have been shown to modulate oneor more of CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, CCR8, CCR(9),CCR10, CCR11, CCR12, CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5, CXCR6, CXCR7,CX3CR1, C5aR, chemR23, FPRL1, FPR1, and FPRL2. In particular, variouscompounds of the present invention modulate CCR(9) as shown in theexamples.

In one embodiment, the present compounds may be represented by formula(I) or salts thereof:

where R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, L, A¹, A², A³, A⁴, A⁵, A⁶, A⁷, and A⁸ areas defined below.

In another aspect, the present invention provides compositions useful inmodulating chemokine activity. In one embodiment, a compositionaccording to the present invention comprises a compound according to theinvention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

In yet another aspect, the present invention provides methods ofmodulating chemokine function in a cell, comprising contacting the cellwith a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or compositionaccording to the invention.

In still another aspect, the present invention provides methods formodulating chemokine function, comprising contacting a chemokinereceptor with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound orcomposition according to the invention.

In still another aspect, the present invention provides methods fortreating a chemokine-mediated condition or disease, comprisingadministering to a subject a safe and effective amount of a compound orcomposition according to the invention. The administering may be oral,parenteral, rectal, transdermal, sublingual, nasal or topical. In someaspects the compound may be administered in combination with ananti-inflammatory or analgesic agent.

In addition to the compounds provided herein, the present inventionfurther provides pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more ofthese compounds, as well as methods for the use of these compounds intherapeutic methods, primarily to treat diseases associated withchemokine signaling activity. The CCR(9) mediated disease or conditionis inflammatory bowel diseases, an allergic disease, psoriasis, atopicdermatitis, asthma, fibrotic diseases, graft rejection, immune mediatedfood allergies, autoimmune diseases, Celiac disease, rheumatoidarthritis, thymoma, thymic carcinoma, leukemia, solid tumor, acutelymphocytic leukemia, melanoma, primary sclerosing cholangitis,hepatitis, inflammatory hepatic disease, or post-operative ileus.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

General

The present invention is directed to compounds and salts thereof,compositions and methods useful in the modulation of chemokine receptorfunction, particularly CCR(9) function. Modulation of chemokine receptoractivity, as used herein in its various forms, is intended to encompassantagonism, agonism, partial antagonism, inverse agonism and/or partialagonism of the activity associated with a particular chemokine receptor,preferably the CCR(9) receptor. Accordingly, the compounds of thepresent invention are compounds which modulate at least one function orcharacteristic of mammalian CCR(9), for example, a human CCR(9) protein.The ability of a compound to modulate the function of CCR(9), can bedemonstrated in a binding assay (e.g., ligand binding or agonistbinding), a chemotaxis (migration assay), a signaling assay (e.g.,activation of a mammalian G protein, induction of rapid and transientincrease in the concentration of cytosolic free calcium), and/orcellular response assay (e.g., stimulation of chemotaxis, exocytosis orinflammatory mediator release by leukocytes).

Abbreviations and Definitions

When describing the compounds, compositions, methods and processes ofthis invention, the following terms have the following meanings, unlessotherwise indicated.

The term “alkyl” by itself or as part of another substituent refers to ahydrocarbon group which may be linear, cyclic, or branched or acombination thereof having the number of carbon atoms designated (i.e.,C₁₋₈ means one to eight carbon atoms). The term “cycloalkyl” by itselfor as a part of another substituent refers to a cyclic alkyl grouphaving the number of carbons designated and is a subset of the term“alkyl.” Other subsets of the term “alkyl” include “linear” and“branched” alkyl groups which refer to two different types of acyclicalkyl groups. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, cyclohexyl,cyclopentyl, (cyclohexyl)methyl, cyclopropylmethyl,bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane, etc. In this list ofexamples, the methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and n-butyl alkyl examples arealso examples of “linear alkyl” groups. Similarly, isopropyl and t-butylare also examples of “branched alkyl” groups. Cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,(cyclohexyl)methyl, cyclopropylmethyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane,bicyclo[2.2.2]octane are examples of “cycloalkyl” groups. In someembodiments, cyclopropyl may be used as a bridging group between twoother moieties and represented as —CH(CH₂)CH—. Alkyl groups can besubstituted or unsubstituted, unless otherwise indicated. Examples ofsubstituted alkyl include haloalkyl, thioalkyl, aminoalkyl, and thelike. Additional examples of suitable substitutions of alkyl include,but are not limited to, hydroxy-isopropyl, —C(CH₃)₂—OH, aminomethyl,2-nitroethyl, 4-cyanobutyl, 2,3-dichloropentyl, and3-hydroxy-5-carboxyhexyl, 2-aminoethyl, pentachloroethyl,trifluoromethyl, 2-diethylaminoethyl, 2-dimethylaminopropyl,ethoxycarbonylmethyl, methanylsulfanylmethyl, methoxymethyl,3-hydroxypentyl, 2-carboxybutyl, 4-chlorobutyl, and pentafluoroethyl.

“Alkoxy” refers to —O-alkyl. Examples of an alkoxy group includemethoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy etc. The alkyl portion of alkoxy may be alkylof from 1 to 16 carbons, and in some embodiments of from 1 to 8 carbons.

“Alkenyl” refers to an unsaturated hydrocarbon group which may belinear, cyclic or branched or a combination thereof. Alkenyl groups with2-8 carbon atoms are preferred. The alkenyl group may contain 1, 2 or 3carbon-carbon double bonds. Examples of alkenyl groups include ethenyl,n-propenyl, isopropenyl, n-but-2-enyl, n-hex-3-enyl, cyclohexenyl,cyclopentenyl and the like. Alkenyl groups can be substituted orunsubstituted, unless otherwise indicated.

“Alkynyl” refers to an unsaturated hydrocarbon group which may belinear, cyclic or branched or a combination thereof. Alkynyl groups with2-8 carbon atoms are preferred. The alkynyl group may contain 1, 2 or 3carbon-carbon triple bonds. Examples of alkynyl groups include ethynyl,n-propynyl, n-but-2-ynyl, n-hex-3-ynyl and the like. Alkynyl groups canbe substituted or unsubstituted, unless otherwise indicated.

“Alkylamino” refers to —N(alkyl)₂ or —NH(alkyl). When the alkylaminogroup contains two alkyl groups, the alkyl groups may be combinedtogether to form a carbocyclic or heterocylic ring. It is to beunderstood that the alkyl groups of the alkylamino group may besubstituted or unsubstituted. Examples of an alkylamino group includemethylamino, tert-butylamino, dimethylamino, di-isopropylamino,morpholino, and the like.

“Aminoalkyl”, as a substituted alkyl group, refers to a monoaminoalkylor polyaminoalkyl group, most typically substituted with from 1-2 aminogroups. Examples include aminomethyl, 2-aminoethyl, 2-diethylaminoethyl,and the like.

“Aryl” refers to a polyunsaturated, aromatic hydrocarbon group having asingle ring (monocyclic) or multiple rings (bicyclic), which can befused together or linked covalently. Aryl groups with 6-10 carbon atomsare preferred, where this number of carbon atoms can be designated byC₆₋₁₀, for example. Examples of aryl groups include phenyl andnaphthalene-1-yl, naphthalene-2-yl, biphenyl and the like. Aryl groupscan be substituted or unsubstituted, unless otherwise indicated.Substituted aryl may be substituted with one or more substituents.Suitable substituents for aryl include substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈alkyl and those substituents as discussed above for substituted alkyl.

“Halo” or “halogen”, by itself or as part of a substituent refers to achlorine, bromine, iodine, or fluorine atom.

“Haloalkyl”, as a substituted alkyl group, refers to a monohaloalkyl orpolyhaloalkyl group, most typically substituted with from 1-3 halogenatoms. Examples include 1-chloroethyl, 3-bromopropyl, trifluoromethyland the like.

“Heterocyclyl” refers to a saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic ringcontaining at least one heteroatom (typically 1 to 5 heteroatoms)selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. The heterocyclyl ring may bemonocyclic or bicyclic. Preferably, these groups contain 0-5 nitrogenatoms, 0-2 sulfur atoms and 0-2 oxygen atoms with the caveat that atleast one heteroatom is present. In some embodiments, these groupscontain 0-3 nitrogen atoms, 0-1 sulfur atoms and 0-1 oxygen atoms.Examples of heterocycle groups include pyrrolidine, piperidine,imidazolidine, pyrazolidine, butyrolactam, valerolactam,imidazolidinone, hydantoin, dioxolane, phthalimide, piperidine,1,4-dioxane, morpholine, thiomorpholine, thiomorpholine-S-oxide,thiomorpholine-S,S-dioxide, piperazine, pyran, pyridone, 3-pyrroline,thiopyran, pyrone, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiophene, quinuclidineand the like. Preferred heterocyclic groups are monocyclic, though theymay be fused or linked covalently to an aryl or heteroaryl ring system.

In the definitions above, suitable substituents for substituted alkyl,alkeynyl, and alkynyl include: halogen, —CN, —CO2R′, —C(O)R′,—C(O)NR′R″, oxo (═O or —O⁻), —OR′, —OC(O)R′, —OC(O)NR′R″—NO₂,—NR′C(O)R″, —NR′″C(O)NR′R″, —NR′R″, —NR′CO₂R″, —NR′S(O)R″, —NR′S(O)₂R′″,—NR′″S(O)NR′R″, —NR′″S(O)₂NR′R″, —SR′, —S(O)R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)₂NR′R″,—NR′—C(NHR″)═NR′″, —SiR′R″R′″, —OSiR′R″R′″, —N₃, substituted orunsubstituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 5- to 10-memberedheteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 10-memberedheterocyclyl. The number of possible substituents range from zero to(2m′+1), where m′ is the total number of carbon atoms in such radical.With respect to substituted alkyl, R′, R″ and R′″ each independentlyrefer to a variety of groups including hydrogen, substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkenyl,substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstitutedaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted orunsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted aryloxyalkyl. When R′ and R″ are attachedto the same nitrogen atom, they can be combined with the nitrogen atomto form a 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring (for example, —NR′R″includes 1-pyrrolidinyl and 4-morpholinyl). Furthermore, R′ and R″, R″and R′″, or R′ and R′″ may together with the atom(s) to which they areattached, form a substituted or unsubstituted 5-, 6-, or 7-memberedring.

In one preferred embodiment, heterocyclic groups may be represented byformula (AA) below:

where formula (AA) is attached via a free valence on either M¹ or M²; M¹represents O, NR^(e), or S(O)_(l); M² represents CR^(f)R^(g), O,S(O)_(l), or NR^(e); where it may be necessary to omit one R^(f), R^(g),or R^(e) to create a free valence on M¹ or M² such as, for exampleCR^(f), CR^(g), or N; l is 0, 1 or 2; j is 1, 2 or 3 and k is 1, 2 or 3,with the proviso that j+k is 3, 4, or 5; and R^(a), R^(b), R^(c), R^(d),R^(e), R^(f), and R^(g) are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, halogen, unsubstituted or substituted C₁₋₈alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₂₋₈ alkenyl, unsubstituted orsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkynyl, —COR^(h), —CO₂R^(h), —CONR^(h)R^(i),—NR^(h)COR^(i), —SO₂R^(h), —SO₂NR^(h)R^(i), —NR^(h)SO₂R^(i),—NR^(h)R^(i), —OR^(h), —SiR^(h)R^(i)R^(j), —OSiR^(h)R^(i)R^(j),-Q¹COR^(h), -Q¹CO₂R^(h), -Q¹CONR^(h)R^(i), -Q¹NR^(h)COR^(i),-Q¹SO₂R^(h), -Q¹SO₂NR^(h)R^(i), -Q¹NR^(h)SO₂R^(i), -Q¹NR^(h)R^(i),-Q¹OR^(h), wherein Q¹ is a member selected from the group consisting ofC₁₋₄ alkylene, C₂₋₄ alkenylene and C₂₋₄ alkynylene, and R^(h), R^(i) andR^(j) are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogenand C₁₋₈ alkyl, and wherein the aliphatic portions of each of the R^(a),R^(b), R^(c), R^(d), R^(e), R^(f), R^(g), R^(h), R^(i) and R^(j)substituents are optionally substituted with from one to three membersselected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, —OR^(n),—OC(O)NHR^(n), —OC(O)NR^(n)R^(o), —SH, —SR^(n), —S(O)R^(n), —S(O)₂R^(n),—SO₂NH₂, —S(O)₂NHR^(n), —S(O)₂NR^(n)R^(o), —NHS(O)₂R^(n),—NR^(n)S(O)₂R^(o), —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)NHR^(n), —C(O)NR^(n)R^(o), —C(O)R^(n),—NHC(O)R^(o), —NR^(n)C(O)R^(o), —NHC(O)NH₂, —NR^(n)C(O)NH₂,—NR^(n)C(O)NHR^(o), —NHC(O)NHR^(n), —NR^(n)C(O)NR^(o)R^(p),—NHC(O)NR^(n)R^(o), —CO₂H, —CO₂R^(n), —NHCO₂R^(n), —NR^(n)CO₂R^(o), —CN,—NO₂, —NH₂, —NHR^(n), —NR^(n)R^(o), —NR^(n)S(O)NH₂ and—NR^(n)S(O)₂NHR^(o), wherein R^(n), R^(o) and R^(p) are independently anunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl. Additionally, any two of R^(a), R^(b), R^(c),R^(d), R^(e), R^(f) and R^(g) may be combined to form a bridged orspirocyclic ring system.

In another preferred embodiment, the number of R^(a)+R^(b)+R^(c)+R^(d)groups that are other than hydrogen is 0, 1 or 2. In a more preferredembodiment, R^(a), R^(b), R^(c), R^(d), R^(e), R^(f), and R^(g) areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen,unsubstituted or substituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, —COR^(h), —CO₂R^(h),—CONR^(h)R^(h), —NR^(h)COR^(h), —SO₂R^(h), —SO₂NR^(h)R^(i),—NSO₂R^(h)R^(i), —NR^(h)R^(i), and —OR^(h), wherein R^(h) and R^(i) areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen andunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl and wherein the aliphatic portions of each ofthe R^(a), R^(b), R^(c), R^(d), R^(e), R^(f) and R^(g) substituents areoptionally substituted with from one to three members selected from thegroup consisting of halogen, —OH, —OR^(n), —OC(O)NHR^(n),—OC(O)NR^(n)R^(o), —SH, —SR^(n), —S(O)R^(o), —S(O)₂R^(n), —SO₂NH₂,—S(O)₂NHR^(n), —S(O)₂NR^(n)R^(o), —NHS(O)₂R^(n), —NR^(n)S(O)₂R^(o),—C(O)NH₂, —C(O)NHR^(n), —C(O)NR^(n)R®, —C(O)R^(n), —NHC(O)R^(n),—NR^(n)C(O)R^(o), —NHC(O)NH₂, —NR^(n)C(O)NH₂, —NR^(n)C(O)NHR^(o),—NHC(O)NHR^(n), —NR^(n)C(O)NR^(o)R^(p), —NHC(O)NR^(n)R^(o), —CO₂H,—CO₂R^(n), —NHCO₂R^(n), —NR^(n)CO₂R^(o), —CN, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NHR^(n),—NR^(n)R^(o), —NR^(n)S(O)NH₂, and —NR^(n)S(O)₂NHR^(o), wherein R^(n),R^(o) and R^(p) are independently an unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl.

In a more preferred embodiment, R^(a), R^(b), R^(c), R^(d), R^(e),R^(f), and R^(g) are independently hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl. In anotherpreferred embodiment, at least three of R^(a), R^(b), R^(c), R^(d),R^(e), R^(f), and R^(g) are hydrogen.

“Heteroaryl” refers to an aromatic group containing at least oneheteroatom, where the heteroaryl group may be monocyclic or bicyclic.Examples include pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl,triazinyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl,phthalazinyl, benzotriazinyl, purinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzopyrazolyl,benzotriazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, isobenzofuryl, isoindolyl, indolizinyl,benzotriazinyl, thienopyridinyl, thienopyrimidinyl, pyrazolopyrimidinyl,imidazopyridines, benzothiazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, indolyl,azaindolyl, azaindazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, isothiazolyl,pyrazolyl, indazolyl, pteridinyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl,oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl,furyl or thienyl. Preferred heteroaryl groups are those having at leastone aryl ring nitrogen atom, such as quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, purinyl,benzimidazolyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiazolyl, indolyl,quinolyl, isoquinolyl and the like. Preferred 6-ring heteroaryl systemsinclude pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazinyl and thelike. Preferred 5-ring heteroaryl systems include isothiazolyl,pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thienyl, furyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl,isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl and the like.

Heterocyclyl and heteroaryl can be attached at any available ring carbonor heteroatom. Each heterocyclyl and heteroaryl may have one or morerings. When multiple rings are present, they can be fused together orlinked covalently. Each heterocyclyl and heteroaryl must contain atleast one heteroatom (typically 1 to 5 heteroatoms) selected fromnitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Preferably, these groups contain 0-5nitrogen atoms, 0-2 sulfur atoms and 0-2 oxygen atoms. More preferably,these groups contain 0-3 nitrogen atoms, 0-1 sulfur atoms and 0-1 oxygenatoms. Heterocyclyl and heteroaryl groups can be substituted orunsubstituted, unless otherwise indicated. For substituted groups, thesubstitution may be on a carbon or heteroatom. For example, when thesubstitution is oxo (═O or —O⁻), the resulting group may have either acarbonyl (—C(O)—) or a N-oxide (—N⁺—O⁻).

Suitable substituents for substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, andsubstituted alkynyl include halogen, —CN, —CO₂R′, —C(O)R′, —C(O)NR′R″,oxo (═O or —O⁻), —OR′, —OSiR′R″R′″, —OC(O)R′, —OC(O)NR′R″—NO₂,—NR′C(O)R″, —NR′″C(O)NR′R″, —NR′R″, —NR′CO₂R″, —NR′S(O)R″, —NR′S(O)₂R′″,—NR′″S(O)NR′R″, —NR′″S(O)₂NR′R″, —SR′, —S(O)R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)₂NR′R″,—NR′—C(NHR″)═NR′″, —SiR′R″R′″, —N₃, substituted or unsubstituted C₆₋₁₀aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, andsubstituted or unsubstituted 3- to 10-membered heterocyclyl. The numberof possible substituents range from zero to (2m′+1), where m′ is thetotal number of carbon atoms in such radical.

Suitable substituents for substituted aryl, substituted heteroaryl andsubstituted heterocyclyl include halogen, —CN, —CO₂R′, —C(O)R′,—C(O)NR′R″, oxo (═O or —O⁻), —OR′, —OSiR′R″R′″, —OC(O)R′, —OC(O)NR′R″,—NO₂, —NR′C(O)R″, —NR′″C(O)NR′R″, —NR′R″, —NR′CO₂R″, —NR′S(O)R″,—NR′S(O)₂R″, —NR′″S(O)NR′R″, —NR′″S(O)₂NR′R″, —SR′, —S(O)R′, —S(O)₂R′,—S(O)₂NR′R″, —NR′—C(NHR″)═NR′″, —SiR′R″R′″, —N₃, substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkenyl,substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₆₋₁₀ aryl, substituted or unsubstituted 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl,and substituted or unsubstituted 3- to 10-membered heterocyclyl. Thenumber of possible substituents range from zero to the total number ofopen valences on the aromatic ring system.

As used above, R′, R″ and R′″ each independently refer to a variety ofgroups including hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₂₋₈ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl,substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedaryloxyalkyl. When R′ and R″ are attached to the same nitrogen atom,they can be combined with the nitrogen atom to form a 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or7-membered ring (for example, —NR′R″ includes 1-pyrrolidinyl and4-morpholinyl). Furthermore, R′ and R″, R″ and R′″, or R′ and R′″ maytogether with the atom(s) to which they are attached, form a substitutedor unsubstituted 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring.

Two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of an aryl or heteroaryl ringmay optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula-T-C(O)—(CH₂)_(q)—U—, wherein T and U are independently —NR″″—, —O—,—CH₂— or a single bond, and q is an integer of from 0 to 2.Alternatively, two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl orheteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of theformula -A′—(CH₂)_(r)—B′—, wherein A′ and B′ are independently —CH₂—,—O—, —NR″″—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR″″— or a single bond, and ris an integer of from 1 to 3. One of the single bonds of the new ring soformed may optionally be replaced with a double bond. Alternatively, twoof the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl or heteroaryl ring mayoptionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula—(CH₂)_(s)—X—(CH₂)_(t)—, where s and t are independently integers offrom 0 to 3, and XIV is —O—, —NR″″—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, or—S(O)₂NR′—. R″″ in is selected from hydrogen or unsubstituted C₁₋₈alkyl.

“Heteroatom” is meant to include oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S)and silicon (Si).

“Pharmaceutically acceptable” carrier, diluent, or excipient is acarrier, diluent, or excipient compatible with the other ingredients ofthe formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.

“Pharmaceutically-acceptable salt” refers to a salt which is acceptablefor administration to a patient, such as a mammal (e.g., salts havingacceptable mammalian safety for a given dosage regime). Such salts canbe derived from pharmaceutically-acceptable inorganic or organic basesand from pharmaceutically-acceptable inorganic or organic acids,depending on the particular substituents found on the compoundsdescribed herein. When compounds of the present invention containrelatively acidic functionalities, base addition salts can be obtainedby contacting the neutral form of such compounds with a sufficientamount of the desired base, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent.Salts derived from pharmaceutically-acceptable inorganic bases includealuminum, ammonium, calcium, copper, ferric, ferrous, lithium,magnesium, manganic, manganous, potassium, sodium, zinc and the like.Salts derived from pharmaceutically-acceptable organic bases includesalts of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary amines, includingsubstituted amines, cyclic amines, naturally-occurring amines and thelike, such as arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline,N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol,2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine,N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine,hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine,piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines,theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine, tromethamineand the like. When compounds of the present invention contain relativelybasic functionalities, acid addition salts can be obtained by contactingthe neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of thedesired acid, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent. Salts derivedfrom pharmaceutically-acceptable acids include acetic, ascorbic,benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphosulfonic, citric, ethanesulfonic,fumaric, gluconic, glucoronic, glutamic, hippuric, hydrobromic,hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, maleic, malic, mandelic,methanesulfonic, mucic, naphthalenesulfonic, nicotinic, nitric, pamoic,pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, p-toluenesulfonicand the like. In some embodiments, the compounds include a sodiumaddition salt.

Also included are salts of amino acids such as arginate and the like,and salts of organic acids like glucuronic or galactunoric acids and thelike (see, for example, Berge, S. M. et al, “Pharmaceutical Salts”, J.Pharmaceutical Science, 1977, 66:1-19). Certain specific compounds ofthe present invention contain both basic and acidic functionalities thatallow the compounds to be converted into either base or acid additionsalts.

The neutral forms of the compounds may be regenerated by contacting thesalt with a base or acid and isolating the parent compound in theconventional manner. The parent form of the compound differs from thevarious salt forms in certain physical properties, such as solubility inpolar solvents, but otherwise the salts are equivalent to the parentform of the compound for the purposes of the present invention.

“Salt thereof” refers to a compound formed when the hydrogen of an acidis replaced by a cation, such as a metal cation or an organic cation andthe like. Preferably, the salt is a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt,although this is not required for salts of intermediate compounds whichare not intended for administration to a patient.

In addition to salt forms, the present invention provides compoundswhich are in a prodrug form. Prodrugs are often useful because, in somesituations, they may be easier to administer than the parent drug. Theymay, for instance, be bioavailable by oral administration whereas theparent drug is not. The prodrug may also have improved solubility inpharmaceutical compositions over the parent drug. A wide variety ofprodrug derivatives are known in the art, such as those that rely onhydrolytic cleavage or oxidative activation of the prodrug. An example,without limitation, of a prodrug would be a compound of the presentinvention which is administered as an ester (the “prodrug”), but then ismetabolically hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid, the active entity.Additional examples include peptidyl derivatives of a compound of theinvention.

Prodrugs of the compounds described herein are those compounds thatreadily undergo chemical changes under physiological conditions toprovide the compounds of the present invention. Additionally, prodrugscan be converted to the compounds of the present invention by chemicalor biochemical methods in an ex vivo environment. For example, prodrugscan be slowly converted to the compounds of the present invention whenplaced in a transdermal patch reservoir with a suitable enzyme orchemical reagent.

Prodrugs may be prepared by modifying functional groups present in thecompounds in such a way that the modifications are cleaved, either inroutine manipulation or in vivo, to the parent compounds. Prodrugsinclude compounds wherein hydroxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, or carboxylgroups are bonded to any group that, when administered to a mammaliansubject, cleaves to form a free hydroxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, or carboxylgroup respectively. Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limitedto, acetate, formate and benzoate derivatives of alcohol and aminefunctional groups in the compounds of the invention. Preparation,selection, and use of prodrugs is discussed in T. Higuchi and V. Stella,“Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems,” Vol. 14 of the A.C.S. SymposiumSeries; “Design of Prodrugs”, ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985; and inBioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B. Roche, AmericanPharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987, each of which arehereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

The compounds of the invention may be present in the form ofpharmaceutically acceptable metabolites thereof. The term “metabolite”means a pharmaceutically acceptable form of a metabolic derivative of acompound of the invention (or a salt thereof). In some aspects, themetabolite may be a functional derivative of a compound that is readilyconvertible in vivo into an active compound. In other aspects, themetabolite may be an active compound.

The term “acid isosteres” means, unless otherwise stated, a group whichcan replace a carboxylic acid, having an acidic functionality and stericand electronic characteristics that provide a level of activity (orother compound characteristic such as solubility) similar to acarboxylic acid. Representative acid isosteres include: hydroxamicacids, sulfonic acids, sulfinic acids, sulfonamides, acyl-sulfonamides,phosphonic acids, phosphinic acids, phosphoric acids, tetrazole, andoxo-oxadiazoles.

“Therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount sufficient toeffect treatment when administered to a patient in need of treatment.

“Treating” or “treatment” as used herein refers to the treating ortreatment of a disease or medical condition (such as a viral, bacterialor fungal infection or other infectious diseases, as well as autoimmuneor inflammatory conditions) in a patient, such as a mammal (particularlya human or a companion animal) which includes ameliorating the diseaseor medical condition, i.e., eliminating or causing regression of thedisease or medical condition in a patient; suppressing the disease ormedical condition, i.e., slowing or arresting the development of thedisease or medical condition in a patient; or alleviating the symptomsof the disease or medical condition in a patient.

Certain compounds of the present invention can exist in unsolvated formsas well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general, bothsolvated forms and unsolvated forms are intended to be encompassedwithin the scope of the present invention. Certain compounds of thepresent invention may exist in multiple crystalline or amorphous forms(i.e., as polymorphs). In general, all physical forms are equivalent forthe uses contemplated by the present invention and are intended to bewithin the scope of the present invention.

It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that certain compounds ofthe present invention may exist in tautomeric forms; all such tautomericforms of the compounds being within the scope of the invention. Forexample, some compounds having heteroaryl may be substituted with one ormore hydroxyl groups. Tautomeric forms would, therefore, include oxosubstitutions. Certain compounds of the present invention possessasymmetric carbon atoms (optical centers) or double bonds; theracemates, diastereomers, geometric isomers and individual isomers(e.g., separate enantiomers) are all intended to be encompassed withinthe scope of the present invention. The compounds of the presentinvention may also contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes atone or more of the atoms that constitute such compounds. For example,the compounds may be radiolabeled with radioactive isotopes, such as forexample tritium (³H), iodine-125 (¹²⁵I) or carbon-14 (¹⁴C). All isotopicvariations of the compounds of the present invention, whetherradioactive or not, are intended to be encompassed within the scope ofthe present invention.

The compounds of the present invention may include a detectable label. Adetectable label is a group that is detectable at low concentrations,usually less than micromolar, probably less than nanomolar and possiblyless than picomolar, and that can be readily distinguished from othermolecules, due to differences in a molecular property (e.g. molecularweight, mass to charge ratio, radioactivity, redox potential,luminescence, fluorescence, electromagnetic properties, bindingproperties, and the like). Detectable labels may be detected byspectroscopic, photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, electrical,magnetic, electromagnetic, optical or chemical means and the like.

A wide variety of detectable labels are within the scope of the presentinvention, including hapten labels (e.g. biotin, or labels used inconjunction with detectable antibodies such as horse radish peroxidaseantibodies); mass tag labels (e.g. stable isotope labels); radioisotopiclabels (including ³H, ¹²⁵I, ³⁵S, ¹⁴C, or ³²P); metal chelate labels;luminescent labels including fluorescent labels (such as fluorescein,isothiocyanate, Texas red, rhodamine, green fluorescent protein, and thelike), phosphorescent labels, and chemiluminescent labels, typicallyhaving quantum yield greater than 0.1; electroactive and electrontransfer labels; enzyme modulator labels including coenzymes,organometallic catalysts horse radish peroxidase, alkaline phosphataseand others commonly used in an ELISA; photosensitizer labels; magneticbead labels including Dynabeads; colorimetric labels such as colloidalgold, silver, selenium, or other metals and metal sol labels (see U.S.Pat. No. 5,120,643, which is herein incorporated by reference in itsentirety for all purposes), or colored glass or plastic (e.g.,polystyrene, polypropylene, latex, etc.) bead labels; and carbon blacklabels. Patents teaching the use of such detectable labels include U.S.Pat. Nos. 3,817,837; 3,850,752; 3,939,350; 3,996,345; 4,277,437;4,275,149; 4,366,241; 6,312,914; 5,990,479; 6,207,392; 6,423,551;6,251,303; 6,306,610; 6,322,901; 6,319,426; 6,326,144; and 6,444,143,which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety for allpurposes.

Detectable labels are commercially available or may be prepared as knownto one skilled in the art. Detectable labels may be covalently attachedto the compounds using a reactive functional group, which can be locatedat any appropriate position. Methods for attaching a detectable labelare known to one skilled in the art. When the reactive group is attachedto an alkyl, or substituted alkyl chain tethered to an aryl nucleus, thereactive group may be located at a terminal position of an alkyl chain.

Compounds

The present invention provides compounds that modulate the activity ofCCR(9). Chemokine receptors are integral membrane proteins whichinteract with an extracellular ligand, such as a chemokine, and mediatea cellular response to the ligand, e.g., chemotaxis, increasedintracellular calcium ion concentration, etc. Therefore, modulation of achemokine receptor function, e.g., interference with a chemokinereceptor ligand interaction, will modulate a chemokine receptor mediatedresponse, and treat or prevent a chemokine receptor mediated conditionor disease. Modulation of a chemokine receptor function includes bothinducement and inhibition of the function. The type of modulationaccomplished will depend on the characteristics of the compound, i.e.,antagonist or full, partial or inverse agonist.

For example, compounds of this invention act as potent CCR(9)antagonists, and this antagonistic activity has been further confirmedin animal testing for inflammation, one of the hallmark disease statesfor CCR(9). Accordingly, the compounds provided herein are useful inpharmaceutical compositions, methods for the treatment ofCCR(9)-mediated diseases, and as controls in assays for theidentification of competitive CCR(9) antagonists.

In the formulae set forth below, when a variable appears more than oncein the same formula, it can be either the same or different. Forexample, in formula (I), one R⁸ can be —NH₂ and the remainder can behydrogen.

In one embodiment, the compounds of the present invention arerepresented by formula (I), or salts thereof:

where R¹ is selected from the group consisting of substituted orunsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy,substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkylamino, and substituted orunsubstituted C₃₋₁₀ heterocyclyl;

R² is H, F, Cl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy; or R¹ and R²together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached form anon-aromatic carbocyclic ring or a heterocyclic ring; R³ is H,substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₁₋₈ alkoxy, or halo; R⁴ is H or F; R⁵ is H, F, Cl, or —CH₃; R⁶ is H,halo, —CN, —CO₂R^(a), —CONH₂, —NH₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy, or substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ aminoalkyl; R^(a) is H or substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl; where R⁵ and R⁶ may together form acarbocyclic ring; L is a bond or —CH₂—, or —CH(CH₃)—; each of A¹, A²,A³, A⁴, A⁵, A⁶, A⁷, and A⁸ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of N, N—O, and —CR⁸—; where at least one and not more thantwo of A¹, A², A³, A⁴, A⁵, A⁶, A⁷ and A⁸ are N or N—O; R⁸ is eachindependently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, —CN, —OH,oxo, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy, and —NR²⁰R²¹, substituted or unsubstitutedaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted orunsubstituted heterocyclyl; and R²⁰ and R²¹ are each independently H, orsubstituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl.

In one embodiment of formula (I), R¹ is substituted or unsubstitutedC₂₋₈ alkyl; preferably R¹ is t-butyl; R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are H; R⁶ issubstituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₁₋₈ alkoxy, —CN, —CONH₂, —NH₂, or C₁₋₈ aminoalkyl; preferably R⁶ isunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, or C₁₋₈ haloalkyl; more preferably R⁶ is —CH₃,—CH₂F, —CHF₂, or —CF₃; L is a bond; and A¹, A², A³, A⁴, A⁵, A⁶, A⁷, A⁸,and R⁸ are as defined formula (I).

In another embodiment of formula (I), R¹ is substituted or unsubstitutedC₂₋₈ alkyl; preferably R¹ is t-butyl; R² is F; R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are H; R⁶is substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₁₋₈ alkoxy, —CN, —CONH₂, —NH₂, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈aminoalkyl; preferably R⁶ is unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, or C₁₋₈haloalkyl; more preferably R⁶ is —CH₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, or —CF₃; L is abond; and A¹, A², A³, A⁴, A⁵, A⁶, A⁷, A⁸, and R⁸ are as defined formula(I).

In one embodiment, the compounds of formula (I) of the present inventionare represented by formula (II), or salts thereof:

where R¹ is selected from the group consisting of substituted orunsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy,substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkylamino, and substituted orunsubstituted C₃₋₁₀ heterocyclyl; R² is H, F, Cl, or substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy; or R¹ and R² together with the carbon atomsto which they are attached form a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring or aheterocyclic ring; R³ is H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy, or halo; R⁴ is H or F; R⁵ isH, F, Cl, or —CH₃; R⁶ is H, halo, —CN, —CO₂R^(a), —CONH₂, —NH₂,substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ aminoalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy;R^(a) is H or substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl; where R⁵ and R⁶may together form a carbocyclic ring; L is a bond, —CH₂—, or —CH(CH₃)—;Z is selected from the group consisting of

and N-oxides thereof; where the Z group may be unsubstituted orsubstituted with 1 to 3 independently selected R⁸ substituents; each R⁸is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, —CN,—OH, oxo, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy, —NR²⁰R²¹, substituted or unsubstituted aryl,substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted orunsubstituted heterocyclyl; and R²⁰ and R²¹ are each independently H, orsubstituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl.

In one embodiment of formula II, Z is selected from the group consistingof: substituted or unsubstituted quinolinyl, substituted orunsubstituted isoquinolinyl, substituted or unsubstituted1,6-naphthyridinyl, substituted or unsubstituted cinnolinyl, substitutedor unsubstituted phthalazinyl, substituted or unsubstitutedquinazolinyl.

In one embodiment of formula (II), R¹ is substituted or unsubstitutedC₂₋₈ alkyl; preferably R¹ is t-butyl; R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are H; and R⁶ issubstituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₁₋₈ alkoxy, —CN, —CONH₂, —NH₂, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈aminoalkyl; preferably R⁶ is unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, or C₁₋₈haloalkyl; more preferably R⁶ is —CH₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, or —CF₃.

In another embodiment of formula (II), R¹ is substituted orunsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkyl; preferably R¹ is t-butyl; R² is F; R³, R⁴ andR⁵ are H; and R⁶ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy, —CN, —CONH₂, —NH₂, or substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ aminoalkyl; preferably R⁶ is unsubstituted C₁₋₈alkyl, or C₁₋₈ haloalkyl; more preferably R⁶ is —CH₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, or—CF₃.

In one embodiment, the compounds of formula (I) of the present inventionare represented by formula (IIIa) or (IIIb), or salts thereof:

where R¹ is selected from the group consisting of substituted orunsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy,substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkylamino, and substituted orunsubstituted C₃₋₁₀ heterocyclyl; preferably substituted orunsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkyl; more preferably t-butyl; R² is H, F, Cl, orsubstituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy; preferably H or F; morepreferably H; or R¹ and R² together with the carbon atoms to which theyare attached form a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring or a heterocyclicring; R³ is H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy, or halo; preferably H or halo; morepreferably H; R⁴ is H or F; preferably H; R⁵ is H, F, Cl, or —CH₃;preferably H; R⁶ is H, halo, —CN, —CO₂R^(a), —CONH₂, —NH₂, substitutedor unsubstituted C₁₋₈ aminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy; preferablyunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, or C₁₋₈ haloalkyl; more preferably —CH₃,—CH₂F, —CHF₂, or —CF₃; R^(a) is H or substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈alkyl; or where R⁵ and R⁶ together with the carbon atoms to which theyare attached form a carbocyclic ring; each R⁸ is independently selectedfrom the group consisting of H, halo, —CN, —OH, oxo, substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy, and—NR²⁰R²¹, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl;R²⁰ and R²¹ are each independently H, or substituted or unsubstitutedC₁₋₈ alkyl; and n is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

In one embodiment of formula (IIIa) or (IIIb), R¹ is substituted orunsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkyl; preferably R¹ is t-butyl; R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵are H; R⁶ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy, —CN, —CONH₂, —NH₂, or substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ aminoalkyl; preferably R⁶ is unsubstituted C₁₋₈alkyl, or C₁₋₈ haloalkyl; more preferably R⁶ is —CH₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, or—CF₃; L is a bond; and A¹, A², A³, A⁴, A⁵, A⁶, A⁷, A⁸, and R⁸ are asdefined formula (I).

In one embodiment of formula (IIIa) or (IIIb), R¹ is substituted orunsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkyl; preferably R¹ is t-butyl; R² is F; R³, R⁴ andR⁵ are H; R⁶ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy, —CN, —CONH₂, —NH₂, or substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ aminoalkyl; preferably R⁶ is unsubstituted C₁₋₈alkyl, or C₁₋₈ haloalkyl; more preferably R⁶ is —CH₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, or—CF₃; L is a bond; and A¹, A², A³, A⁴, A⁵, A⁶, A⁷, A⁸, and R⁸ are asdefined formula (I).

In one embodiment of formula (IIIa) or (IIIb), R¹ is selected from thegroup consisting of —CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃, —C(CH₃)₂CH₂CH₃,C(CH₂CH₂)CN, —C(OH)(CH₃)₂, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂, —OC(CH₃)₃,—OCH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —OCF₃, and morpholino; preferably R¹ is —C(CH₃)₃; R² isH, F, or Cl; preferably R² is H or F; R¹ and R² may together form—OC(CH₃)₂CH₂— or —C(CH₃)₂CH₂CH₂—; R³ is H, —CH₃, or —OCH₃; preferably R³is H; R⁴ is H or F; preferably R⁴ is H; R⁵ is H; R⁶ is H, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃,—CH(CH₃)₂, C₃H₇, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₂CH₃, —CF₃, —CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂OH, —CH₂CN,—CN, or —CONH₂; preferably R⁶ is —CH₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, or —CF₃; and R⁸ iseach independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br,—CH₃, —OH, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —NH₂, —N(CH₃)₂, and —CN; preferably R⁸ is Hor —NH₂.

In some embodiments, R² is H. In some embodiments, R² is F.

In one embodiment, the compounds of formula (IIIa) or (IIIb), or saltsthereof are selected from the group consisting of:

Preferred R¹ Substituents

In formulae (I, II, IIIa, and IIIb), R¹ is selected from the groupconsisting of substituted or unsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkylamino,and substituted or unsubstituted C₃₋₁₀ heterocyclyl. When R¹ issubstituted alkyl, the alkyl group is preferably substituted with haloor hydroxy. When R¹ is substituted alkoxy, the alkoxy group ispreferably substituted with halo. Preferably R¹ is unsubstituted C₂₋₈alkyl, including C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, C₂₋₈ haloalkyl, C₁₋₈ hydroxyalkyl,unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy, C₁₋₈ haloalkoxy, and C₁₋₈ alkylamino; morepreferably unsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈ haloalkyl, unsubstituted C₁₋₈alkoxy, and C₁₋₈ alkylamino; even more preferably unsubstituted 02-8alkyl, unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy, and morpholino; still more preferablyunsubstituted C₂₋₈; and most preferably t-butyl.

Preferred R⁶ Substituents

In formulae (I, II, IIIa, and IIIb), R⁶ is H, halo, —CN, —CO₂R^(a),—CONH₂, —NH₂, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈aminoalkyl. When R⁶ is substituted alkyl, the alkyl group is preferablysubstituted with halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, or cyano. Preferably R⁶ is —CN,—CONH₂, —NH₂, unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, unsubstituted C₁₋₈ haloalkyl,and unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy; more preferably unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl,or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, even more preferably unsubstituted C₁₋₈alkyl; most preferably methyl.

Compositions that Modulate Chemokine Activity

In another aspect, the present invention provides compositions thatmodulate chemokine activity, specifically CCR(9) activity. Generally,the compositions for modulating chemokine receptor activity in humansand animals will comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient ordiluent and a compound having any of the formulae I-III.

The term “composition” as used herein is intended to encompass a productcomprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as wellas any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combinationof the specified ingredients in the specified amounts. By“pharmaceutically acceptable” it is meant the carrier, diluent orexcipient must be compatible with the other ingredients of theformulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.

The pharmaceutical compositions for the administration of the compoundsof this invention may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form andmay be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy.All methods include the step of bringing the active ingredient intoassociation with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessoryingredients. In general, the pharmaceutical compositions are prepared byuniformly and intimately bringing the active ingredient into associationwith a liquid carrier or a finely divided solid carrier or both, andthen, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation. Inthe pharmaceutical composition the active object compound is included inan amount sufficient to produce the desired effect upon the process orcondition of diseases.

The pharmaceutical compositions containing the active ingredient may bein a form suitable for oral use, for example, as tablets, troches,lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules,emulsions and self-emulsifications as described in U.S. Pat. No.6,451,339, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs. Compositionsintended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known tothe art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions. Suchcompositions may contain one or more agents selected from sweeteningagents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents in orderto provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations. Tabletscontain the active ingredient in admixture with other non-toxicpharmaceutically acceptable excipients which are suitable for themanufacture of tablets. These excipients may be, for example, inertdiluents such as cellulose, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, calciumcarbonate, sodium carbonate, glucose, mannitol, sorbitol, lactose,calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegratingagents, for example, corn starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, forexample PVP, cellulose, PEG, starch, gelatin or acacia, and lubricatingagents, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. Thetablets may be uncoated or they may be coated enterically or otherwiseby known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in thegastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over alonger period. For example, a time delay material such as glycerylmonostearate or glyceryl distearate may be employed. They may also becoated by the techniques described in the U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,256,108;4,166,452; and 4,265,874 to form osmotic therapeutic tablets for controlrelease.

Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsuleswherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, forexample, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as softgelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or anoil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.Additionally, emulsions can be prepared with a non-water miscibleingredient such as oils and stabilized with surfactants such asmono-diglycerides, PEG esters and the like.

Aqueous suspensions contain the active materials in admixture withexcipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions. Suchexcipients are suspending agents, for example sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose,sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia;dispersing or wetting agents may be a naturally-occurring phosphatide,for example lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide withfatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensationproducts of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, forexample heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products ofethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and ahexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensationproducts of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acidsand hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan monooleate.The aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, forexample ethyl, or n-propyl, p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloringagents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents,such as sucrose or saccharin.

Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredientin a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil orcoconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. The oilysuspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hardparaffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents such as those set forthabove, and flavoring agents may be added to provide a palatable oralpreparation. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of ananti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.

Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueoussuspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient inadmixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and oneor more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents andsuspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above.Additional excipients, for example sweetening, flavoring and coloringagents, may also be present.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the formof oil in water emulsions. The oily phase may be a vegetable oil, forexample olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil, for example liquidparaffin or mixtures of these. Suitable emulsifying agents may benaturally-occurring gums, for example gum acacia or gum tragacanth,naturally-occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean, lecithin, andesters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitolanhydrides, for example sorbitan monooleate, and condensation productsof the said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for examplepolyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsions may also containsweetening and flavoring agents.

Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, for exampleglycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations mayalso contain a demulcent, a preservative, and flavoring and coloringagents. Oral solutions can be prepared in combination with, for example,cyclodextrin, PEG and surfactants.

The pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterileinjectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension may beformulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing orwetting agents and suspending agents which have been mentioned above.The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectablesolution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent orsolvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butane diol. Among theacceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water,Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition,sterile, axed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent orsuspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil may be employedincluding synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids suchas oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.

The compounds of the present invention may also be administered in theform of suppositories for rectal administration of the drug. Thesecompositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitablenon-irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures butliquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectumto release the drug. Such materials are cocoa butter and polyethyleneglycols. Additionally, the compounds can be administered via oculardelivery by means of solutions or ointments. Still further, transdermaldelivery of the subject compounds can be accomplished by means ofiontophoretic patches and the like.

For topical use, creams, ointments, jellies, solutions or suspensionscontaining the compounds of the present invention are employed. As usedherein, topical application is also meant to include the use of mouthwashes and gargles.

The pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the present invention mayfurther comprise other therapeutically active compounds as noted herein,such as those applied in the treatment of the above mentionedpathological conditions.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a compositionconsisting of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound ofthe invention.

Methods of Treatment

Depending on the disease to be treated and the subject's condition, thecompounds and compositions of the present invention may be administeredby oral, parenteral (e.g., intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous,ICV, intracisternal injection or infusion, subcutaneous injection, orimplant), inhalation, nasal, vaginal, rectal, sublingual, or topicalroutes of administration and may be formulated, alone or together, insuitable dosage unit formulations containing conventional non-toxicpharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles appropriatefor each route of administration. The present invention alsocontemplates administration of the compounds and compositions of thepresent invention in a depot formulation.

In the treatment or prevention of conditions which require chemokinereceptor modulation an appropriate dosage level will generally be about0.001 to 100 mg per kg patient body weight per day which can beadministered in single or multiple doses. Preferably, the dosage levelwill be about 0.01 to about 25 mg/kg per day; more preferably about 0.05to about 10 mg/kg per day. A suitable dosage level may be about 0.01 to25 mg/kg per day, about 0.05 to 10 mg/kg per day, or about 0.1 to 5mg/kg per day. Within this range the dosage may be 0.005 to 0.05, 0.05to 0.5, 0.5 to 5.0, or 5.0 to 50 mg/kg per day. For oral administration,the compositions are preferably provided in the form of tabletscontaining 1.0 to 1000 milligrams of the active ingredient, particularly1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, 25.0, 50.0, 75.0, 100.0, 150.0, 200.0,250.0, 300.0, 400.0, 500.0, 600.0, 750.0, 800.0, 900.0, and 1000.0milligrams of the active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment ofthe dosage to the patient to be treated. The compounds may beadministered on a regimen of 1 to 4 times per day, preferably once ortwice per day.

It will be understood, however, that the specific dose level andfrequency of dosage for any particular patient may be varied and willdepend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specificcompound employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of thatcompound, the age, body weight, hereditary characteristics, generalhealth, sex, diet, mode and time of administration, rate of excretion,drug combination, the severity of the particular condition, and the hostundergoing therapy.

In some embodiments, compounds of the present invention are administeredas part of a combination therapy. For instance an amount of achemotherapeutic agent or radiation is administered to the subject priorto, subsequent to or in combination with the compounds of the presentinvention. In some embodiments, the amount is sub-therapeutic when thechemotherapeutic agent or radiation is administered alone. Those ofskill in the art will appreciate that “combinations” can involvecombinations in treatments (i.e., two or more drugs can be administeredas a mixture, or at least concurrently or at least introduced into asubject at different times but such that both are in the bloodstream ofa subject at the same time). Additionally, compositions of the currentinvention may be administered prior to or subsequent to a secondtherapeutic regimen, for instance prior to or subsequent to a dose ofchemotherapy or irradiation.

In still other embodiments, the present methods are directed to thetreatment of allergic diseases, wherein a compound or composition of theinvention is administered either alone or in combination with a secondtherapeutic agent, wherein said second therapeutic agent is anantihistamine or an anti-inflammatory. When used in combination, thepractitioner can administer a combination of the compound or compositionof the present invention and a second therapeutic agent. Also, thecompound or composition and the second therapeutic agent can beadministered sequentially, in any order.

The compounds and compositions of the present invention can be combinedwith other compounds and compositions having related utilities toprevent and treat the condition or disease of interest, such asinflammatory conditions and diseases, including inflammatory boweldisease (including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), allergicdiseases, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and asthma, and those pathologiesnoted above. Selection of the appropriate agents for use in combinationtherapies can be made one of ordinary skill in the art. The combinationof therapeutic agents may act synergistically to effect the treatment orprevention of the various disorders. Using this approach, one may beable to achieve therapeutic efficacy with lower dosages of each agent,thus reducing the potential for adverse side effects.

In treating, preventing, ameliorating, controlling or reducing the riskof inflammation, the compounds of the present invention may be used inconjunction with an antiinflammatory or analgesic agent such as anopiate agonist, a lipoxygenase inhibitor, such as an inhibitor of5-lipoxygenase, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, such as a cyclooxygenase-2inhibitor, an interleukin inhibitor, such as an interleukin-1 inhibitor,an NMDA antagonist, an inhibitor of nitric oxide or an inhibitor of thesynthesis of nitric oxide, aminosalicylates, corticosteroids and otherimmunosuppressive drugs, a non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent, or acytokine-suppressing antiinflammatory agent, for example with a compoundsuch as acetaminophen, aspirin, codeine, biological TNF sequestrants,biological agents which target α4β7, ACE2 inhibitors, protein linase Cinhibitors, fentanyl, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketorolac, morphine,naproxen, phenacetin, piroxicam, a steroidal analgesic, sufentanyl,sunlindac, tenidap, and the like.

Similarly, the compounds of the present invention may be administeredwith a pain reliever; a potentiator such as caffeine, an H2-antagonist,simethicone, aluminum or magnesium hydroxide; a decongestant such aspseudophedrine; an antitussive such as codeine; a diuretic; a sedatingor non-sedating antihistamine; a very late antigen (VLA-4) antagonist;an immunosuppressant such as cyclosporin, tacrolimus, rapamycin, EDGreceptor agonists, or other FK-506 type immunosuppressants; a steroid; anon-steroidal anti-asthmatic agent such as a β2-agonist, leukotrieneantagonist, or leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor; an inhibitor ofphosphodiesterase type IV (PDE-IV); a cholesterol lowering agent such asa HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, sequestrant, or cholesterol absorptioninhibitor; and an anti-diabetic agent such as insulin, α-glucosidaseinhibitors or glitazones.

The weight ratio of the compound of the present invention to the secondactive ingredient may be varied and will depend upon the effective doseof each ingredient. Generally, an effective dose of each will be used.Thus, for example, when a compound of the present invention is combinedwith an NSAID the weight ratio of the compound of the present inventionto the NSAID will generally range from about 1000:1 to about 1:1000,preferably about 200:1 to about 1:200. Combinations of a compound of thepresent invention and other active ingredients will generally also bewithin the aforementioned range, but in each case, an effective dose ofeach active ingredient should be used.

Methods of Treating or Preventing CCR(9)-Mediated Conditions or Diseases

In yet another aspect, the present invention provides methods oftreating or preventing a CCR(9)-mediated condition or disease byadministering to a subject having such a condition or disease atherapeutically effective amount of any compound of formulae above.Compounds for use in the present methods include those compoundsaccording to the above formulae, those provided above as embodiments,those specifically exemplified in the Examples below, and those providedwith specific structures herein. The “subject” is defined herein toinclude animals such as mammals, including, but not limited to, primates(e.g., humans), cows, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, cats, rabbits, rats,mice and the like. In preferred embodiments, the subject is a human.

As used herein, the phrase “CCR(9)-mediated condition or disease” andrelated phrases and terms refer to a condition or disease characterizedby inappropriate, i.e., less than or greater than normal, CCR(9)functional activity. Inappropriate CCR(9) functional activity mightarise as the result of CCR(9) expression in cells which normally do notexpress CCR(9), increased CCR(9) expression (leading to, e.g.,inflammatory and immunoregulatory disorders and diseases) or decreasedCCR(9) expression. Inappropriate CCR(9) functional activity might alsoarise as the result of TECK secretion by cells which normally do notsecrete TECK, increased TECK expression (leading to, e.g., inflammatoryand immunoregulatory disorders and diseases) or decreased TECKexpression. A CCR(9)-mediated condition or disease may be completely orpartially mediated by inappropriate CCR(9) functional activity. However,a CCR(9)-mediated condition or disease is one in which modulation ofCCR(9) results in some effect on the underlying condition or disease(e.g., a CCR(9) antagonist results in some improvement in patientwell-being in at least some patients).

The term “therapeutically effective amount” means the amount of thesubject compound that will elicit the biological or medical response ofa cell, tissue, system, or animal, such as a human, that is being soughtby the researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other treatmentprovider.

Diseases and conditions associated with inflammation, immune disorders,infection and cancer can be treated or prevented with the presentcompounds, compositions, and methods. In one group of embodiments,diseases or conditions, including chronic diseases, of humans or otherspecies can be treated with inhibitors of CCR(9) function. Thesediseases or conditions include: (1) allergic diseases such as systemicanaphylaxis or hypersensitivity responses, drug allergies, insect stingallergies and food allergies, (2) inflammatory bowel diseases, such asCrohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, microscopic colitis, ileitis andenteritis, and postoperative ileus, (3) vaginitis, (4) psoriasis andinflammatory dermatoses such as dermatitis, eczema, atopic dermatitis,allergic contact dermatitis, urticaria and pruritus, (5) vasculitis, (6)spondyloarthropathies, (7) scleroderma, (8) asthma and respiratoryallergic diseases such as allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis,hypersensitivity lung diseases and the like, (9) autoimmune diseases,such as fibromyalagia, ankylosing spondylitis, juvenile RA, Still'sdisease, polyarticular juvenile RA, pauciarticular juvenile RA,polymyalgia rheumatica, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis,osteoarthritis, polyarticular arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemiclupus erythematosus, type I diabetes, type II diabetes,glomerulonephritis, and the like, (10) graft rejection (includingallograft rejection), (11) graft-v-host disease (including both acuteand chronic), (12) other diseases in which undesired inflammatoryresponses are to be inhibited, such as atherosclerosis, myositis,neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease), encephalitis,meningitis, hepatitis, nephritis, sepsis, sarcoidosis, allergicconjunctivitis, otitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,sinusitis, Behcet's syndrome and gout, (13) immune mediated foodallergies such as Coeliac (Celiac) disease (14) pulmonary fibrosis andother fibrotic diseases, (15) irritable bowel syndrome, (16) primarysclerosing cholangitis, (17) cancer (including both primary andmetastatic), (18) bacterial associated syndromes such as hemorrhagiccolitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome (19) melanoma, (20) primarysclerosing cholangitis, (21) post-operative ileus, (22) hepatitis, and(23) inflammatory hepatic diseases.

In another group of embodiments, diseases or conditions can be treatedwith modulators and agonists of CCR(9) function. Examples of diseases tobe treated by modulating CCR(9) function include cancers, cardiovasculardiseases, diseases in which angiogenesis or neovascularization play arole (neoplastic diseases, retinopathy and macular degeneration),infectious diseases (viral infections, e.g., HIV infection, andbacterial infections) and immunosuppressive diseases such as organtransplant conditions and skin transplant conditions. The term “organtransplant conditions” is means to include bone marrow transplantconditions and solid organ (e.g., kidney, liver, lung, heart, pancreasor combination thereof) transplant conditions.

Preferably, the present methods are directed to the treatment ofdiseases or conditions selected from inflammatory bowel diseaseincluding Crohn's disease and Ulcerative Colitis, allergic diseases,psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and asthma, autoimmune disease such asrheumatoid arthritis and immune-mediated food allergies such as Coelaicdisease.

In yet other embodiments, the present methods are directed to thetreatment of psoriasis where a compound or composition of the inventionis used alone or in combination with a second therapeutic agent such asa corticosteroid, a lubricant, a keratolytic agent, a vitamin D₃derivative, PUVA and anthralin.

In other embodiments, the present methods are directed to the treatmentof atopic dermatitis using a compound or composition of the inventioneither alone or in combination with a second therapeutic agent such as alubricant and a corticosteroid.

In further embodiments, the present methods are directed to thetreatment of asthma using a compound or composition of the inventioneither alone or in combination with a second therapeutic agent such as a02-agonist and a corticosteroid.

Preparation of Modulators

The following examples are offered to illustrate, but not to limit, theclaimed invention.

Additionally, those skilled in the art will recognize that the moleculesclaimed in this patent may be synthesized using a variety of standardorganic chemistry transformations.

Certain general reaction types employed widely to synthesize targetcompounds in this invention are summarized in the examples.Specifically, generic procedures for sulfonamide formation and aza-arylN-oxide formation are described within and were employed routinely.

While not intended to be exhaustive, representative synthetic organictransformations which can be used to prepare compounds of the inventionare included below.

These representative transformations include; standard functional groupmanipulations; reductions such as nitro to amino; oxidations offunctional groups including alcohols and aza-aryls; aryl substitutionsvia IPSO or other mechanisms for the introduction of a variety of groupsincluding nitrile, methyl and halogen; protecting group introductionsand removals; Grignard formation and reaction with an electrophile;metal-mediated cross couplings including but not limited to Buckwald,Suzuki and Sonigashira reactions; halogenations and other electrophilicaromatic substitution reactions; diazonium salt formations and reactionsof these species; etherifications; cyclative condensations,dehydrations, oxidations and reductions leading to heteroaryl groups;aryl metallations and transmetallations and reaction of the ensuingaryl-metal species with an electrophile such as an acid chloride orWeinreb amide; amidations; esterifications; nucleophilic substitutionreactions; alkylations; acylations; sulfonamide formation;chlorosulfonylations; ester and related hydrolyses, and the like.

Certain molecules claimed in this patent can exist in differentenantiomeric and diastereomeric forms and all such variants of thesecompounds are within the scope of the invention. In particular, when R⁸is OH and ortho to a nitrogen, although illustrated by formula as—N═C(OH)— it is to be understood that the tautomeric form —NH—C(O)— isalso within the scope of the formula.

In the descriptions of the syntheses that follow, some precursors wereobtained from commercial sources. These commercial sources includeAldrich Chemical Co., Acros Organics, Ryan Scientific Incorporated,Oakwood Products Incorporated, Lancaster Chemicals, Sigma Chemical Co.,Lancaster Chemical Co., TCI-America, Alfa Aesar, Davos Chemicals, andGFS Chemicals.

Compounds of the invention, including those listed in the table ofactivities, can be made by the methods and approaches described in thefollowing experimental section, and by the use of standard organicchemistry transformations that are well known to those skilled in theart.

EXAMPLES

Exemplary compounds used in the method of the invention and inpharmaceutical compositions of the invention include but are not limitedto the compounds listed in the following table. Pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts of the compounds listed in this table are also usefulin the method of the invention and in pharmaceutical compositions of theinvention. These compounds are within the scope of this invention andwere tested for CCR(9) activity as described below.

Compounds of the invention were assayed for activity in the chemotaxisassay described herein under the section below titled “Example of invitro assay” where the “chemotaxis assay” is described. All compoundslisted in Table 1 has IC₅₀ of <1000 nM in the chemotaxis assay.

TABLE 1 Exemplary compounds with CCR(9) activity in calcium mobilizationassay. Compounds having an IC₅₀ value of less than 100 nM are labeled(+++); from 100-1000 nM are labeled (++); and above 1000 nM are labeled(+). CCR(9) Chemical Structure Ca²⁺

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TABLE 2 Exemplary compounds with CCR(9) activity in serum migrationassay. Compounds having an IC₅₀ value of less than 500 nM are labeled(+++); from 501-2500 nM are labeled (++); and above 2501 nM are labeled(+). Chemical Structure A2

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Reagents and solvents used below can be obtained from commercial sourcessuch as Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, Wis., USA). ¹H-NMR wererecorded on a Varian Mercury 400 MHz NMR spectrometer. Significant peaksare tabulated in the order: multiplicity (br, broad; s, singlet; d,doublet; t, triplet; q, quartet; m, multiplet) and number of protons.Mass spectrometry results are reported as the ratio of mass over charge,followed by the relative abundance of each ion (in parenthesis). Intables, a single m/e value is reported for the M+H (or, as noted, M−H,M+Na, etc.) ion containing the most common atomic isotopes. Isotopepatterns correspond to the expected formula in all cases. Electrosprayionization (ESI) mass spectrometry analysis was conducted on aHewlett-Packard MSD electrospray mass spectrometer using the HP1100 HPLCfor sample delivery. Normally the analyte was dissolved in methanol at0.1 mg/mL and 1 microliter was infused with the delivery solvent intothe mass spectrometer, which scanned from 100 to 1500 daltons. Allcompounds could be analyzed in the positive ESI mode, usingacetonitrile/water with 1% formic acid as the delivery solvent. Thecompounds provided below could also be analyzed in the negative ESImode, using 2 mM NH₄OAc in acetonitrile/water as delivery system.

Compounds of the present invention may be synthesized by GeneralSynthesis A shown below. Treatment of an aryl sulfonyl chloride offormula A with the pyrazole amine B in the presence of a base such aspyridine at a suitable temperature, for example 80° C., affords the arylsulfonamides of formula C. The pyrazole amines, B, may be synthesizedtreatment of hydrazine D with nitrile C at a suitable elevatedtemperature in a solvent such as ethanol. One skilled in the art willunderstand that the substituents, including, for example, R¹, R², R³,R⁴, and R⁶ may need to be protected as known to one skilled in the artwith standard protecting groups during the synthesis depending upontheir reactivity to the reaction conditions.

General Synthesis A

Example 1: Synthesis of4-t-butyl-N-(3-methyl-1-(quinazolin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide

a) To a stirring solution of 4-hydrazinoquinazoline (0.16 g, 1.0 mmol)and 3-oxo-butyronitrile (0.083 g, 1.0 mmol) in ethanol (10 mL) washeated at 60° C. for 18 h. After cooling to room temperature, thereaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue waspurified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 30% ethyl acetate in hexanes) togive the desired compound (0.20 g, 0.089 mmol, 89%).

b) To a mixture of 4-t-butylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (0.084 g, 0.36mmol) and 3-methyl-1-(quinazolin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (0.067 g, 0.30mmol) in pyridine (0.6 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 15 h with stirring.After cooling to room temperature, dichloromethane was added to thereaction mixture and washed with 1 M aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfate (1mL). The aqueous layer was further extracted with dichloromethane (2×5mL), and the combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by flashchromatography (SiO₂, 5-60% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give the titlecompound as a white solid (0.30 g, 0.071 mmol, 24%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ 10.92 (s, 1H), 9.27 (dd, J=1.2, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 9.98 (s, 1H), 7.99(dd, J=0.8, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.89 (ddd, J=1.2, 6.8, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.66-7.61(m, 2H), 7.28-7.25 (m, 2H), 6.34 (s, 1H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 1.13 (s, 9H);MS: (ES) m/z calculated for C₂₂H₂₄F₃N₅O₂S [M+H]⁺ 422.2, found 422.3.

Example 2: Synthesis of4-t-butyl-N-(1-(isoquinolin-4-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide

a) To a stirring solution of 4-aminoisoquinoline (1.4 g, 10.0 mmol) in 5N aqueous hydrochloric acid (12 mL) at 0° C. was added a solution ofsodium nitrite (NaNO₂, 0.069 g, 10.0 mmol) in deionized water (1 mL),while maintaining the internal temperature below 0° C. The reactionmixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min and a solution of tin(II)chloride dihydrate (SnCl₂.2H₂O, 5.6 g, 25.0 mmol) dissolved inconcentrated hydrochloric acid (5 mL) was added dropwise. The mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 2 h and the solution was adjusted topH ˜12-14 with 20% aqueous sodium hydroxide. The mixture was extractedwith 2:1 CHCl₃/iPrOH. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered,and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude product was purified byflash chromatography (SiO₂, 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give thedesired compound (0.84 g, 5.3 mmol, 53%).

b) To a stirring suspension of 4-hydrazinylisoquinoline (0.32 g, 2.0mmol) and 3-oxo-butyronitrile (0.16 g, 0.19 mmol) in ethanol (10 mL) washeated at 80° C. for 3 h. After cooling to room temperature, 20% aqueoussodium hydroxide (1 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and wasfurther heated at 80° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture was cooled toroom temperature and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue wasdissolved in 1:1 dichloromethane/methanol (40 mL) and the phases wereseparated. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), and filtered through apad of Celite. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the cruderesidue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 50-100% ethylacetate in hexanes) to give the desired product (0.36 g, 1.6 mmol, 81%).

c) A mixture of 4-t-butylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (0.10 g, 0.43 mmol)and 1-(isoquinolin-4-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (0.080 g, 0.36mmol) in pyridine (5 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 15 h with stirring.After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was concentratedin vacuo. The crude residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂,50-100% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give the title compound as a whitesolid (0.18 g, 0.12 mmol, 27%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.89 (s, 1H),8.02 (s, 1H), 8.87 (dd, J=1.6, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.58-7.53 (m, 2H), 7.58 (s,1H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.39-7.35 (m, 3H), 6.25 (s, 1H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 1.32(s, 9H); MS: (ES) m/z calculated for C₂₃H₂₅N₄O₂S [M+H]⁺ 421.2, found422.2.

Example 3: Synthesis of4-t-butyl-N-(1-(8-fluoroquinolin-4-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide

a) To a stirring solution of 8-fluoroquinolin-4-amine (1.0 g, 6.2 mmol)in concentrated hydrochloric acid (6.2 mL) and deionized water (6.0 mL)at 0° C. was added a solution of NaNO₂ (0.51 g, 7.4 mmol) in deionizedwater (3 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min and asolution of SnCl₂.2H₂O (2.8 g, 12.4 mmol) dissolved in deionized water(3 mL) was then added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 2 h and the suspension was basified with aqueous sodiumbicarbonate. The mixture was extracted with 2:1 CHCl₃/iPrOH. The organiclayer was washed with 1 M aqueous sodium bisulfate, dried (Na₂SO₄),filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude product wasused directly without further purification (0.34 g, 1.9 mmol, 31%).

b) To a solution of crude 4-chloro-8-fluoroquinoline (0.27 g, 1.5 mmol)and NH₂NH₂.H₂O (1.5 mL, 16.6 mmol) in ethanol (1.6 mL) was heated at160° C. in microwave for 1 h with stirring. After cooling the mixture toroom temperature, aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate was added to thereaction mixture and the aqueous layer was extracted with 2:1CHCl₃/iPrOH (2×5 mL). The combine organic layers were washed with water,dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residuewas used directly without further purification (0.27 g, 1.5 mmol, 100%).

c) To a stirring solution of crude 8-fluoro-4-hydrazinylquinoline (0.27g, 1.5 mmol) and 3-oxo-butyronitrile (0.15 g, 0.19 mmol) in pyridine (3mL) was heated at 80° C. for 15 h. After cooling to room temperature,aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate was added to the reaction mixtureand extracted with dichloromethane (3×10 mL). The combined organiclayers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Thecrude residue was used directly without further purification (0.14 g,0.76 mmol, 50%).

d) A mixture of 4-t-butylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (0.13 g, 0.55 mmol)and crude 1-(8-fluoroquinolin-4-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (0.14 g,0.55 mmol) in pyridine (1 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 15 h withstirring. After cooling to room temperature, dichloromethane was addedto the reaction mixture and washed with 1 M aqueous sodium hydrogensulfate (1 mL). The aqueous layer was further extracted withdichloromethane (2×5 mL), and the combined organic layers were dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue waspurified by reverse phase HPLC (C18 column, acetonitrile-H₂O with 0.1%TFA as eluent) to give the title compound as a white solid (0.005 g,0.011 mmol, 2%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.80 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.61(d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.47-7.41 (m, 5H), 7.13 (d,J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 6.20 (s, 1H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 1.35 (s, 9H); MS: (ES) m/zcalculated for C₂₃H₂₄FN₄O₂S [M+H]⁺ 439.5, found 439.3.

Example 4: Synthesis of4-t-butyl-N-(3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide

a) A solution of 5-aminoquinoline (0.75 g, 5.2 mmol) in concentratedhydrochloric acid (3.8 mL) was stirred at 0° C. for 10 min. A solutionof sodium nitrite (0.43 g, 6.2 mmol) in deionized water (0.5 mL) wasadded to the cold reaction mixture over 10 min and stirred at 0° C. for1 h to form a heterogeneous mixture. L-ascorbic acid (0.95 g, 5.4 mmol)was then added to the reaction mixture over 10 min. The reaction mixturewas warmed to room temperature and stirred for 45 min. The reactionslurry was then heated at 80° C. for 20 min and deionized water (4 mL)was added. The suspension was re-cooled to 0° C. and stirred for 2 h.The solid was collected by filtration and washed with methanol to givethe desired product (0.45 g, 2.8 mmol, 54%).

b) To a stirring suspension of quinolin-5-yl-hydrazine (0.25 g, 1.6mmol) in 3:1 ethanol/deionized water (2.5 mL) was added3-oxo-butyronitrile (0.13 g, 1.6 mmol). The reaction mixture was thenheated at 60° C. for 2 h. After cooling to room temperature, thereaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the resulting crudeproduct was used directly without further purification (0.21 g, 1.5mmol, 94%)

c) A mixture of 4-t-butylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (0.59 g, 2.5 mmol) andcrude 3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (0.47 g, 2.1 mmol)in pyridine (0.6 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 15 h with stirring. Aftercooling to room temperature, dichloromethane was added to the reactionmixture and washed with 1 M aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfate (1 mL). Theaqueous layer was further extracted with dichloromethane (2×5 mL), andthe combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by flashchromatography (SiO₂, 1-10% methanol containing 10% ammonium hydroxidein dichloromethane) to give the title compound as a white solid (0.18 g,0.12 mmol, 6%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.87 (dd, J=1.2, 4.0 Hz, 1H),8.11 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.58-7.53 (m, 4H), 7.42 (s, 1H), 7.40 (s, 1H),7.29-7.23 (m, 1H), 6.94 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.28 (s, 1H), 2.34 (s, 3H),1.36 (s, 9H); MS: (ES) m/z calculated for C₂₃H₂₅N₄O₂S [M+H]+ 421.2,found 421.3.

Example 5: Synthesis ofN-(3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzenesulfonamide

To a stirring mixture of 4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzene-1-sulfonyl chloride(0.060 g, 0.23 mmol) and 3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine(prepared from Example 4 step b, 0.050 g, 0.22 mmol) in pyridine (1.0mL) was heated at 80° C. for 1 h. After cooling to room temperature,dichloromethane was added to the reaction mixture and washed with 1 Maqueous sodium hydrogen sulfate (1 mL). The aqueous layer was furtherextracted with dichloromethane (2×5 mL), and the combined organic layerswere dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The cruderesidue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 2-10% methanol indichloromethane) and purification by reverse phase HPLC (C18 column,acetonitrile-H₂O with 0.1% TFA as eluent) to give the title compound asa white solid (0.010 g, 0.022 mmol, 10%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.75(d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (s, 1H), 7.69 (s, 1H),7.56 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.21-7.17 (m, 4H), 6.12(s, 1H), 2.34 (s, 3H); MS: (ES) m/z calculated for C₂₀H₁₆F₃N₄O₃S [M+H]⁺449.1, found 449.7.

Example 6: Synthesis of4-ethyl-N-(3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide

A mixture of 4-ethylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (0.033 g, 0.16 mmol) and3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (prepared from Example 4step b, 0.030 g, 0.13 mmol) in pyridine (1.0 mL) was heated at 80° C.for 2 h with stirring. After cooling to room temperature,dichloromethane was added to the reaction mixture and washed with 1 Maqueous sodium hydrogen sulfate (1 mL). The aqueous layer was furtherextracted with dichloromethane (2×5 mL), and the combined organic layerswere dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The cruderesidue was purified by reverse phase HPLC (C18 column, acetonitrile-H₂Owith 0.1% TFA as eluent) to give the title compound as a white solid(0.019 g, 0.049 mmol, 38%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.86 (dd, J=2.0,4.0 Hz, 1H), 8.12 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (dd, J=7.2, 8.4 Hz, 1H),7.51-7.46 (m, 3H), 7.27-7.23 (m, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 7.13 (s, 1H), 7.06(d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.27 (s, 1H), 2.68 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.34 (s, 3H),1.27 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H); MS: (ES) m/z calculated for C₂₁H₂₁N₄O₂S [M+H]+393.2, found 393.2.

Example 7: Synthesis of4-isopropyl-N-(3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide

A mixture of 4-t-pentylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (0.028 g, 0.13 mmol) and3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (prepared from Example 4step b, 0.023 g, 0.10 mmol) in pyridine (1.0 mL) was heated at 80° C.for 18 h with stirring. After cooling to room temperature,dichloromethane was added to the reaction mixture and washed with 1 Maqueous sodium hydrogen sulfate (1 mL). The aqueous layer was furtherextracted with dichloromethane (2×5 mL), and the combined organic layerswere dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The cruderesidue was purified by reverse phase HPLC (C18 column, acetonitrile-H₂Owith 0.1% TFA as eluent) to give the title compound as a white solid(0.020 g, 0.05 mmol, 50%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.02 (d, J=4.4 Hz,1H), 8.43 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.30 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.87-7.33 (m, 2H),7.72-7.70 (m, 3H), 7.35 (s, 1H), 7.33 (s, 1H), 5.94 (s, 1H), 3.04-2.98(m, 1H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 1.29 (s, 6H); MS: (ES) m/z calculated forC₂₂H₂₃N₄O₂S [M+H]⁺ 407.2, found 407.0.

Example 8: Synthesis of4-isopropoxy-N-(3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide

A stirred mixture of 4-isopropoxybenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (0.10 g,0.52 mmol) and 3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (preparedfrom Example 4 step b, 0.10 g, 0.44 mmol) in pyridine (2 mL) was heatedat 80° C. for 1 h. After cooling to room temperature, aqueous saturatedsodium bicarbonate was added to the reaction mixture and extracted withdichloromethane. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by flashchromatography (SiO₂, 2-10% methanol in dichloromethane), followed byreverse phase HPLC (C18 column, acetonitrile-H₂O with 0.1% TFA aseluent) to give the title compound as a white solid (0.015 g, 0.036mmol, 8%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.58 (dd, J=2.0, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 8.09(d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (dd, J=7.6, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H),7.48 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.25-7.21 (m, 2H), 7.14 (dd, J=0.8, 7.2 Hz, 1H),6.74 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.25 (s, 1H), 4.57(hept, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 1.39 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 6H); MS: (ES) m/zcalculated for C₂₃H₂₃N₄O₃S [M+H]⁺ 423.2, found 423.0.

Example 9: Synthesis of4-isobutoxy-N-(3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide

a) To a stirring solution of isobutoxybenzene (0.60 g, 4.0 mmol) indichloromethane (5 mL) at −45° C. was added chlorosulfonic acid (0.6 mL,9.1 mmol) dropwise, and the reaction mixture was stirred at −45° C. for1 h. The reaction mixture was then warmed to 0° C. and additionalchlorosulfonic acid (0.6 mL, 9.1 mmol) was added dropwise. The reactionmixture was then stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and poured into ice. Theaqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic layer wasdried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residuewas purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 5-10% ethyl acetate inhexanes) to give 4-isobutoxybenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (0.32 g, 1.1mmol, 28%).

b) A stirred mixture of 4-isobutoxybenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (0.060 g,0.24 mmol), 3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (prepared fromExample 4 step b, 0.050 g, 0.22 mmol), and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine(DMAP, 0.025 g, 0.20 mmol) in pyridine (2 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 2h. After cooling to room temperature, aqueous saturated sodiumbicarbonate was added to the reaction mixture and extracted withdichloromethane. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by flashchromatography (SiO₂, 2-5% methanol in dichloromethane), followed byreverse phase HPLC (C18 column, acetonitrile-H₂O with 0.1% TFA aseluent) to give the title compound as a white solid (0.041 g, 0.094mmol, 43%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.84 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (d,J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.48-7.44 (m, 2H), 7.23 (d,J=4.0, Hz, 1H), 7.21 (d, J=4.0, Hz, 1H), 7.15 (dd, J=1.2, 7.2 Hz, 1H),6.72 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.25 (s, 1H), 3.72 (dd,J=2.0, 6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.33 (s, 3H), 2.13 (hept, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 1.08 (dd,J=2.4, 6.4 Hz, 6H); MS: (ES) m/z calculated for C₂₃H₂₅N₄O₂S [M+H]⁺437.2, found 437.0.

Example 10: Synthesis ofN-(3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-4-t-pentylbenzenesulfonamide

A mixture of 4-t-pentylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (0.13 g, 0.53 mmol) and3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (prepared from Example 4step b, 0.10 g, 0.44 mmol) in pyridine (1.0 mL) was heated at 80° C. for3 h with stirring. After cooling to room temperature, dichloromethanewas added to the reaction mixture and washed with 1 M aqueous sodiumhydrogen sulfate (1 mL). The aqueous layer was further extracted withdichloromethane (2×5 mL), and the combined organic layers were dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue waspurified by reverse phase HPLC (C18 column, acetonitrile-H₂O with 0.1%TFA as eluent) to give the title compound as a white solid (0.11 g, 0.24mmol, 55%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.96 (dd, J=1.6, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 8.20(d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.71(s, 1H), 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.54 (dd, J=4.8, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.46-7.43 (m, 3H),6.02 (s, 1H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 1.70 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.34 (s, 6H), 0.70(t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H); MS: (ES) m/z calculated for C₂₄H₂₇N₄O₂S [M+H]⁺ 435.2,found 435.1.

Example 11: Synthesis of4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-N-(3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide

a) A mixture of 4-acetylbenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (0.050 g, 0.22mmol), 3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (prepared fromExample 4 step b, 0.060 g, 0.27 mmol), and DMAP (0.027 g, 0.22 mmol) inpyridine (2 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 2.5 h with stirring. Aftercooling to room temperature, 1 M aqueous lithium hydroxide (2 mL) wasadded to the reaction mixture and stirred for 2 h. The solution wasadded 4:1 dichloromethane/methanol and washed with 1 M aqueous ammoniumchloride (5 mL). The solution was adjusted to pH ˜8-9 with ammoniumhydroxide and the phases were separated. The organic layer was dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue waspurified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 2-5% methanol indichloromethane). The product was then recrystallized in minimal amountof 4:1 dichloromethane/methanol and the solid was collected byfiltration to give the desired solid (0.059 g, 0.15 mmol, 66%).

b) A solution of methyl magnesium bromide (1.4 M solution in 3:1toluene/THF, 1.4 mL, 2.0 mmol) was added to a flask containing4-acetyl-N-(3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide(0.059 g, 0.15 mmol) in THF (6 mL) at −45° C. with stirring. Thereaction mixture was slowly warmed to −10° C. over 1 h and 4:1dichloromethane/methanol was added (2 mL). The organic layer was washedwith aqueous saturated ammonium chloride, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by reverse phaseHPLC (C18 column, acetonitrile-H₂O with 0.1% TFA as eluent) to give thetitle compound as a white solid (0.020 g, 0.047 mmol, 32%). ¹H NMR (400MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.81 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 8.05 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (t,J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 7.65 (s, 1H),7.51-7.47 (m, 3H), 7.36 (dd, J=4.4, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.73 (s, 1H), 2.15 (s,3H), 1.56 (s, 6H); MS: (ES) m/z calculated for C₂₂H₂₃N₄O₃S [M+H]⁺ 433.2,found 433.0.

Example 12: Synthesis of2,2-dimethyl-N-(3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-sulfonamide

A stirring mixture of 2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-sulfonylchloride (0.10 g, 0.41 mmol) and3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (prepared from Example 4step b, 0.11 g, 0.49 mmol) in pyridine (0.41 mL) was heated at 80° C.for 1 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture wasconcentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by flashchromatography (SiO₂, 0-20% ethyl acetate in hexanes), followed byreverse phase HPLC (C18 column, acetonitrile-H₂O with 0.1% TFA aseluent) to give the title compound as a white solid (0.070 g, 0.16 mmol,40%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.82 (s, 1H), 8.06 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H),7.60 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H),7.31 (s, 1H), 7.24 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (d,J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.24 (s, 1H), 2.89 (s, 2H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 1.51 (s, 6H);MS: (ES) m/z calculated for C₂₃H₂₃N₄O₃S [M+H]⁺ 435.2, found 435.3.

Example 13: Synthesis of2,2-dimethyl-N-(3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)chroman-6-sulfonamide

A stirring mixture of 2,2-dimethylchroman-6-sulfonyl chloride (0.050 g,0.22 mmol) and 3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (preparedfrom Example 4 step b, 0.068 g, 0.26 mmol) in pyridine (1.0 mL) washeated at 80° C. for 15 h. After cooling to room temperature,dichloromethane was added to the reaction mixture and washed with 1 Maqueous saturated bisulfate (1 mL). The aqueous layer was furtherextracted with dichloromethane (2×5 mL), and the combined organic layerswere dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The resultingcrude residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 0-20% ethylacetate in hexanes), followed by reverse phase HPLC (C18 column,acetonitrile-H₂O with 0.1% TFA as eluent) to give the title compound asa white solid (0.010 g, 0.022 mmol, 10%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.09(d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 8.38 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.29 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.87(t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (dd, J=4.8, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H),7.40-7.38 (m, 2H), 6.72 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 6.09 (s, 1H), 2.71 (t, J=6.4Hz, 2H), 2.34 (s, 3H), 1.83 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 1.36 (s, 6H); MS: (ES)m/z calculated for C₂₄H₂₅N₄O₃S [M+H]⁺ 449.2, found 449.1.

Example 14: Synthesis of1,1-dimethyl-N-(3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-5-sulfonamide

a) To a stirring solution of 3,3-dimethyl-1-indanone (0.10 g, 0.64 mmol)in sulfuric acid (0.63 mL) at 0° C. was added potassium nitrate (KNO₃,0.063 g, 0.63 mmol) in sulfuric acid (0.2 mL). The reaction mixture wasstirred at 0° C. for 1 h, then warmed to room temperature and stirredfor 15 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with ice and the aqueouslayer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue waspurified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 20% ethyl acetate in hexanes) togive the desired product (0.096 g, 0.47 mmol, 73%).

b) In a Parr shaker flask containing 3,3-dimethyl-6-nitro-1-indanone(1.0 g, 4.8 mmol) and palladium hydroxide on carbon (Pd(OH)₂, 20% byweight, 0.52 g) in methanol (2 mL) and methane sulfonic acid (MeSO₃H,0.4 mL, 6.2 mmol) was hydrogenated at 50 psi for 1.5 h. The reactionmixture was diluted with methanol and filtered through a pad of Celite.The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the resulting crude residuewas purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 100% ethyl acetate) to givethe desired product (0.34 g, 2.1 mmol, 44%).

c) To a solution of glacial acetic acid (8 mL) at 0° C. was bubbled insulfur dioxide gas (SO₂) for 30 min. Copper(II) chloride (CuCl₂, 0.29 g,2.16 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 30 min at0° C. to give a blue/green solution. To another flask containing1,1-dimethylindan-5-amine (0.34 g, 2.13 mmol) in concentratedhydrochloric acid (4.2 mL) at 0° C. was added NaNO₂ (0.22 g, 3.2 mmol)and stirred for 30 min. This diazonium solution was then slowly added tothe prepared copper solution and stirred at 0° C. for 30 min. Thereaction mixture was then slowly heated to 70° C. over 2 h. Aftercooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was quenched withdeionized water and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate(2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered,and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by flashchromatography (SiO₂, 0-10% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to afford thedesired product (0.067 g, 0.27 mmol, 13%).

d) A mixture of 1,1-dimethylindan-5-sulfonyl chloride (0.030 g, 0.13mmol) and 3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (prepared fromExample 4 step b, 0.028 g, 0.12 mmol) in pyridine (0.12 mL) was heatedat 80° C. for 1 h with stirring. After cooling to room temperature, thereaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude residuewas purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 20% ethyl acetate inhexanes), followed by reverse phase HPLC (C18 column, acetonitrile-H₂Owith 0.1% TFA as eluent) to give the title compound as a white solid(0.015 g, 0.036 mmol, 28%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.30 (s, 1H),8.90 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H),7.57 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (dd, J=4.0, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.30-7.26 (m, 2H),7.18 (s, 1H), 7.11 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.05 (s, 1H), 2.71 (d, J=7.6 Hz,2H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 1.84 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.18 (s, 6H); MS: (ES) m/zcalculated for C₂₄H₂₅N₄O₂S [M+H]+ 433.2, found 433.1.

Example 15: Synthesis of3-fluoro-N-(3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-4-morpholinobenzenesulfonamide

a) A mixture of 4-bromo-3-fluorobenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (1.4 g, 5.2mmol) and 3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (prepared fromExample 4 step b, 0.90 g, 4.0 mmol) in pyridine (10 mL) was stirred atroom temperature for 2 h, then heated at 80° C. for 2 h. After coolingto room temperature, 1 N aqueous hydrochloric acid (1 mL) was added tothe reaction mixture and extracted with dichloromethane (2×5 mL). Thecombined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentratedin vacuo. The crude residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂,0-10% methanol in ethyl acetate to give the desired product (0.20 g,0.43 mmol, 11%).

b) A stirring mixture of4-bromo-3-fluoro-N-(3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide(0.07 g, 0.15 mmol), morpholine (0.066 g, 0.75 mmol),tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (Pd₂(dba)₃, 0.007 g, 0.008mmol), 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl (BINAP, 0.014 g,0.023 mmol), and potassium phosphate monobasic (K₃PO₄.H₂O, 0.21 g, 0.90mmol) in anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 6 mL) was purged withnitrogen for 5 min. The reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for 4 h.After cooling to room temperature, ethyl acetate (10 mL) was added tothe reaction mixture and washed with aqueous saturated sodiumbicarbonate. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude material was purified byreverse phase HPLC (C18 column, acetonitrile-H₂O with 0.1% TFA aseluent) to give the title compound as a white solid (0.049 g, 0.11 mmol,70%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.06 (dd, J=1.6, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 8.36 (d,J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (dd, J=8.4, 9.6 Hz, 1H),7.68 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (dd, J=1.6, 8.4 Hz,1H), 7.31 (dd, J=2.4, 12.4 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (t, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 6.09 (s,1H), 3.90-3.86 (m, 4H), 3.21-3.18 (m, 4H), 2.35 (s, 3H); MS: (ES) m/zcalculated for C₂₃H₂₃FN₅O₃S [M+H⁺ 468.2, found 468.2.

Example 16: Synthesis of4-t-butyl-N-(1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide

a) To a stirring solution of (ethoxymethylene)malononitrile (0.38 g, 3.2mmol) and quinolin-5-yl-hydrazine (prepared from Example 4 step a, 0.5g, 3.2 mmol) in ethanol (5 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 15 h. Aftercooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was concentrated invacuo and the crude solid was used directly without further purification(0.70 g, 3.0 mmol, 95%).

b) To a solution of crude5-amino-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile (0.40 g, 1.7 mmol)in concentrated hydrochloric acid (5 mL) was heated at 100° C. for 15 hwith stirring. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature andbasified with aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate. The aqueous layerwas extracted with 2:1 chloroform/iPrOH and the organic layer was dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue wasused directly without further purification (0.36 g, 1.7 mmol, 100%).

c) A stirred mixture of crude 1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine(0.080 g, 0.38 mmol), 4-t-butylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (0.13 g, 0.57mmol), and DMAP (0.068 g, 0.57 mmol) in pyridine (1.5 mL) was heated at80° C. for 2 h. After cooling to room temperature, aqueous saturatedsodium bicarbonate was added to the reaction mixture and extracted with2:1 chloroform/iPrOH. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered,and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by reversephase HPLC (C18 column, acetonitrile-H₂O with 0.1% TFA as eluent) togive the title compound as a white solid (0.010 g, 0.025 mmol, 7%). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.87 (dd, J=2.0, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (d, J=8.4 Hz,1H), 7.76 (dd, J=7.2, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.65-7.62 (m,1H), 7.52-7.42 (m, 3H), 7.51 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H),7.28 (dd, J=1.2, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.25 (s, 1H), 1.35 (s, 9H); MS: (ES) m/zcalculated for C₂₂H₂₃N₄O₂S [M+H]+ 407.2, found 407.0.

Example 17: Synthesis of4-t-butyl-N-(3-ethyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide

a) To a solution of 3-oxopentanenitrile (0.74 g, 7.6 mmol) andquinolin-5-yl-hydrazine (prepared from Example 4 step a, 1.0 g, 6.3mmol) in ethanol (5 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 3 h with stirring.After cooling to room temperature, 20% aqueous sodium hydroxide (1.5 mL)was added to the reaction mixture and then heated at 70° C. for 3 h. Thereaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated invacuo. The crude residue was dissolved in 1:1 dichloromethane/methanol(40 mL) and the phases were separated. The organic layer was dried(Na₂SO₄), and filtered through a pad of Celite. The filtrate wasconcentrated in vacuo and the crude residue was purified by flashchromatography (SiO₂, 1-10% methanol containing 10% ammonium hydroxidein dichloromethane) to give the desired product (0.83 g, 3.5 mmol, 55%).

b) A mixture of 4-t-butylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (0.064 g, 0.27 mmol)and 3-ethyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (0.05 g, 0.21 mmol) inpyridine (0.5 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 15 h with stirring. Aftercooling to room temperature, dichloromethane was added to the reactionmixture and washed with 1 M aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfate (1 mL). Theaqueous layer was further extracted with dichloromethane (2×5 mL), andthe combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was dissolved in methanol (3mL) and 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide (1.0 mL, 1.0 mmol). The reactionmixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and the solvent wasremoved in vacuo. The resulting residue was partitioned betweendichloromethane (3 mL) and 1 M aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfate (3 mL)and the phases were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted withdichloromethane (2×5 mL), and the combined organic layers were dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue waspurified by reverse phase HPLC (C18 column, acetonitrile-H₂O with 0.1%TFA as eluent) to give the title compound as a white solid (0.053 g,0.12 mmol, 58%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 9.00 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 8.23(d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.19 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (dd, J=8.0, 8.4 Hz, 1H),7.69-7.65 (m, 2H), 7.59 (dd, J=4.4, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.51-7.47 (m, 3H), 6.05(s, 1H), 2.69 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.37 (s, 9H), 1.29 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H);MS: (ES) m/z calculated for C₂₄H₂₇N₄O₂S [M+H]⁺435.2, found 435.2.

Example 18: Synthesis of4-t-butyl-N-(3-cyclopropyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide

a) To a solution of 3-cyclopropyl-3-oxopropanenitrile (0.74 g, 7.6 mmol)and quinolin-5-yl-hydrazine (prepared from Example 4 step a, 1.0 g, 6.3mmol) in ethanol (5 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 3 h with stirring.After cooling to room temperature, 20% aqueous sodium hydroxide (1.5 mL)was added to the reaction mixture and heated at 70° C. for 3 h. Themixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated in vacuo. Thecrude residue was dissolved in 1:1 dichloromethane/methanol (40 mL) andthe phases were separated. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), andfiltered through a pad of Celite. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuoand the crude material was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 1-10%methanol containing 10% ammonium hydroxide in dichloromethane) to givethe desired product (0.80 g, 3.2 mmol, 50%).

b) A mixture of 4-t-butylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (0.061 g, 0.26 mmol)and 3-cyclopropyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (0.05 g, 0.20mmol) in pyridine (1 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 15 h with stirring.After cooling to room temperature, dichloromethane was added to thereaction mixture and washed with 1 M aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfate (1mL). The aqueous layer was further extracted with dichloromethane (2×5mL), and the combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude residue was dissolved inmethanol (3 mL) and 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide (1.0 mL, 1.0 mmol) andstirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated in vacuo and the resulting residue was partitioned betweendichloromethane (3 mL) and 1 M aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfate (3 mL).The phases were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted withdichloromethane (2×5 mL). The combined organic layers were dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue waspurified by reverse phase HPLC (C18 column, acetonitrile-H₂O with 0.1%TFA as eluent) to give the title compound as a white solid (0.031 g,0.070 mmol, 35%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.84 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 8.08(d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.55-7.51 (m, 5H), 7.41 (s, 1H), 7.39 (s, 1H), 6.94(d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.12 (s, 1H), 1.99-1.93 (m, 1H), 1.36 (s, 9H),1.01-0.92 (m, 2H), 0.84-0.79 (m, 2H); MS: (ES) m/z calculated forC₂₅H₂₇N₄O₂S [M+H]⁺ 447.2, found 447.2.

Example 19: Synthesis of4-t-butyl-N-(3-(cyanomethyl)-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide

a) To a stirring solution of quinolin-5-yl-hydrazine (prepared fromExample 4 step a, 0.62 g, 3.9 mmol) in ethanol (4 mL) was addedmalononitrile (0.51 g, 7.7 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 80°C. for 15 h. After cooling to room temperature, aqueous saturatedammonium chloride (1.5 mL) was added to the reaction mixture andextracted with 2:1 chloroform/iPrOH. The organic layer was washed withbrine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The cruderesidue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 0-5% methanol indichloromethane) to give the desired product as a light-brown solid(0.60 g, 2.2 mmol, 56%).

b) To a solution of5-amino-3-(cyanomethyl)-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile(0.60 g, 2.2 mmol) in concentrated hydrochloric acid (50 mL) was heatedat 105° C. for 22 h with stirring. The reaction mixture was cooled toroom temperature and the solution was concentrated in vacuo. Methanol(50 mL) and concentrated hydrochloric acid (0.5 mL) were added to theresulting residue, and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 3 h. Aftercooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was basified withaqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate. The aqueous layer was extractedwith 2:1 chloroform/iPrOH and the organic layer was extracted withaqueous saturated ammonium chloride, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was used directly withoutfurther purification (0.40 g, 1.7 mmol, 65%).

c) A mixture of crude methyl2-(5-amino-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)acetate (0.55 g, 2.0 mmol),4-t-butylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (0.30 g, 1.3 mmol), and DMAP (0.12 g,1.0 mmol) in pyridine (5 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 2 h with stirring.After cooling to room temperature, dichloromethane was added to thereaction mixture and washed with 1 M aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfate (1mL). The aqueous layer was further extracted with dichloromethane (2×5mL), and the combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by reverse phaseHPLC (C18 column, acetonitrile-H₂O with 0.1% TFA as eluent) to give awhite solid (0.075 g, 0.16 mmol, 12%).

d) To a suspension of methyl2-(5-(4-t-butylphenylsulfonamido)-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)acetate(0.066 g, 0.14 mmol) in THF (1 mL) and methanol (1 mL) was added asolution of lithium hydroxide (0.05 g, 2.1 mmol) in deionized water (0.5mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h andthe resulting solution was adjusted to pH-5 with 5 N aqueoushydrochloric acid. The aqueous layer was extracted with 2:1chloroform/iPrOH and the organic layer was washed with brine, dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude material wasused directly without further purification (0.065 g, 0.14 mmol, 100%).

e) To a stirred solution of crude2-(5-(4-t-butylphenylsulfonamido)-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)aceticacid (0.065 g, 0.14 mmol) andN,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)uroniumhexafluorophosphate (HATU, 0.11 g, 0.28 mmol) in DMF (1.5 mL) was addeda solution of saturated ammonia in dichloromethane (0.5 mL). Thereaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and brine wasadded. The aqueous layer was extracted with 2:1 chloroform/iPrOH and theorganic layer was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The crude material was used directly withoutfurther purification (0.060 g, 0.14 mmol, 92%).

f) To a stirring solution of crude2-(5-(4-t-butylphenylsulfonamido)-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)acetamide(0.03 g, 0.07 mmol) and phosphorus(V) oxide chloride (POCl₃, 0.5 mL, 5.4mmol) was heated at 100° C. for 30 min. After cooling to roomtemperature, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo. Aqueoussaturated sodium bicarbonate was added to the resulting residue andextracted with 2:1 chloroform/iPrOH. The organic layer was dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product waspurified by reverse phase HPLC (C18 column, acetonitrile-H₂O with 0.1%TFA as eluent) to give the title compound as a white solid (0.006 g,0.013 mmol, 19%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.86 (dd, J=2.0, 4.4 Hz,1H), 8.12 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (dd, J=7.2, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (d,J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.55-7.53 (m, 2H), 7.45-7.42 (m, 3H), 7.34 (dd, J=1.2,7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.21 (s, 1H), 3.88 (s, 2H), 1.35 (s, 9H); MS: (ES) m/zcalculated for C₂₄H₂₄N₅O₂S [M+H]⁺ 446.2, found 446.3.

Example 20: Synthesis of4-t-butyl-N-(1-(quinolin-5-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide

a) To a stirring solution of 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-oxobutanenitrile (0.40 g,2.9 mmol) and quinolin-5-yl-hydrazine (prepared from Example 4 step a,0.46 g, 2.9 mmol) in ethanol (3 mL) was heated at 140° C. in microwavefor 40 min. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture wasconcentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude residue was purified by flashchromatography (SiO₂, 5-60% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give thedesired product as a light-brown solid (0.087 g, 0.31 mmol, 11%).

b) To a mixture of 4-t-butylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (0.067 g, 0.29mmol) and 1-(quinolin-5-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine(0.011 g, 0.04 mmol) in pyridine (0.5 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 2 hwith stirring. After cooling to room temperature, dichloromethane wasadded to the reaction mixture and washed with 1 M aqueous sodiumhydrogen sulfate (1 mL). The aqueous layer was further extracted withdichloromethane (2×5 mL), and the combined organic layers were dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue wasdissolved in methanol (3 mL) and 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide (1.0 mL,1.0 mmol), and stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixturewas concentrated in vacuo and partitioned between dichloromethane (3 mL)and 1 M aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfate (3 mL). The phases wereseparated and the aqueous layer was further extracted withdichloromethane (2×5 mL). The combined organic layers were dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue waspurified by reverse phase HPLC (C18 column, acetonitrile-H₂O with 0.1%TFA as eluent) to give the title compound as a white solid (0.006 g,0.013 mmol, 32%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.78 (dd, J=1.6, 4.4 Hz,1H), 8.07 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 7.63 (s, 1H), 7.55 (t, J=8.4Hz, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 7.48 (s, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.27-7.24(m, 1H), 7.09 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (s, 1H), 1.38 (s, 9H); MS: (ES)m/z calculated for C₂₃H₂₂F₃N₄O₂S [M+H]+ 475.2, found 475.3.

Example 21: Synthesis of4-isopropoxy-N-(1-(quinolin-5-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide

To a mixture of 4-isopropoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (0.080 g, 0.35mmol) and 1-(quinolin-5-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine(prepared from Example 21 step a, 0.032 g, 0.11 mmol) in pyridine (0.5mL) was heated at 80° C. for 4 h with stirring. After cooling to roomtemperature, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and thecrude residue was purified by reverse phase HPLC (C18 column,acetonitrile-H₂O with 0.1% TFA as eluent) to give the title compound asa white solid (0.025 g, 0.052 mmol, 47%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ8.94 (dd, J=1.6, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 8.19 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (t, J=8.4 Hz,1H), 7.50-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 7.38 (s, 1H), 7.35 (d, J=8.4 Hz,1H), 6.83 (s, 1H), 6.81 (s, 1H), 6.64 (s, 1H), 4.63 (pent, J=6.0 Hz,1H), 1.28 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 6H); MS: (ES) m/z calculated for C₂₇H₂₀F₃N₄O₂S[M+H]⁺ 477.2, found 477.3.

Example 22: Synthesis of4-t-butyl-N-(3-(1,1-difluoroethyl)-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide

a) To a stirring solution of potassium t-butoxide (KOtBu, 1.7 M solutionin THF, 32 mL, 54.4 mmol) in THF (10 mL) at 0° C. was added ethyl2,2-difluoropropanoate (5.0 g, 36.2 mmol) and acetonitrile (2.8 mL, 54.3mmol). The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirredfor 18 h. Aqueous saturated potassium bisulfate was added to thereaction mixture and the pH was adjusted below 2. The aqueous layer wasextracted with ethyl acetate (2×50 mL), and the combined organic layerswere dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The resultingbrown crude oil was used directly without further purification (3.2 g,24.1 mmol, 66%).

b) To a stirring solution of 5-hydrazinylquinoline (prepared fromExample 4 step a, 0.90 g, 5.6 mmol) in ethanol (10 mL) was added crude4,4-difluoro-3-oxopentanenitrile (0.75 g, 5.6 mmol) and heated at 85° C.for 6 h. After cooling to room temperature, ethyl acetate was added tothe reaction mixture and washed with 5 M aqueous sodium hydroxide andbrine. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentratedin vacuo. The crude residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂,50-100% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give the desired product (0.20 g,0.73 mmol, 13%).

c) A mixture of 4-t-butylbenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (0.080 g, 0.34mmol), 3-(1,1-difluoroethyl)-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (0.045g, 0.16 mmol), and DMAP (0.020 g, 0.16 mmol) in pyridine (1 mL) washeated at 85° C. for 5 h with stirring. After cooling to roomtemperature, 1 M aqueous lithium hydroxide (1 mL) and 1 M aqueous sodiumhydroxide (1 mL) were added to the reaction mixture. The resultingmixture was heated at 75° C. for 1.5 h. After cooling to roomtemperature, the reaction mixture was neutralized with 1 N aqueoushydrochloric acid. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate(2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with aqueoussaturated sodium bicarbonate, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentratedin vacuo. The crude residue was purified by reverse phase HPLC (C18column, acetonitrile-H₂O with 0.1% TFA as eluent) to give the titlecompound as a white solid (0.040 g, 0.085 mmol, 53%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD) δ 10.70 (s, 1H), 8.88 (dd, J=1.6, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (dd, J=1.2,8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (dd, J=7.2, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.64-7.61 (m, 2H), 7.52-7.42(m, 5H), 7.31 (dd, J=1.2, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 1.96 (t, J=15.4 Hz, 3H), 1.35 (s,9H); MS: (ES) m/z calculated for C₂₄H₂₅F₂N₄O₂S [M+H]⁺ 471.2, found471.2.

Example 23: Synthesis of4-t-butyl-N-(3-(difluoromethyl)-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide

a) To a stirring solution of KOtBu (1.0 M solution in THF, 121 mL, 121mmol) at 0° C. was added ethyl 2,2-difluoroacetate (10.0 g, 80.6 mmol)and acetonitrile (6.3 mL, 121 mmol). The reaction mixture was warmed toroom temperature and stirred for 18 h. Aqueous saturated potassiumbisulfate was added to the reaction mixture and the pH was adjustedbelow 2. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×50 mL),and he combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The brown crude oil was used directly withoutfurther purification (9.0 g, 75 mmol, 94%).

b) To a stirring solution of crude 4,4-difluoro-3-oxobutanenitrile (0.65g, 4.0 mmol) and 5-hydrazinylquinoline (prepared from Example 4 step a,0.50 g, 4.2 mmol) in ethanol (8 mL) was heated at 85° C. for 6 h. Aftercooling to room temperature, ethyl acetate was added to the reactionmixture and washed with aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate and brine.The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated invacuo. The crude residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂,2-10% methanol in ethyl acetate) to give the desired product (0.095 g,0.36 mmol, 9%).

c) A mixture of 4-t-butylbenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (0.070 g, 0.30mmol), 3-(difluoromethyl)-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (0.045 g,0.17 mmol), and DMAP (0.020 g, 0.17 mmol) in pyridine (2 mL) was heatedat 80° C. for 5 h with stirring. After cooling to room temperature, thereaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue waspurified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 5% methanol in ethyl acetate),followed by reverse phase HPLC (C18 column, acetonitrile-H₂O with 0.1%TFA as eluent) to give the title compound as a white solid (0.040 g,0.085 mmol, 53%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.88 (dd, J=2.0, 4.0 Hz,1H), 8.15 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.77 (dd, J=7.2, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (dddd,J=0.8, 1.6, 1.2, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.53-7.43 (m, 5H), 7.31 (dd, J=0.8, 7.2Hz, 1H), 6.71 (t, J=54.8 Hz, 1H), 6.42 (s, 1H), 1.35 (s, 9H); MS: (ES)m/z calculated for C₂₃H₂₃F₂N₄O₂S [M+H]+ 457.2, found 457.2.

Example 24: Synthesis of4-t-butyl-N-(2-(isoquinolin-5-yl)-2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide

a) To a round bottom flask equipped with a stir bar containingisoquinolin-5-amine (15.4 g, 10.0 mmol) was slowly added concentratedhydrochloric acid (90 mL). The reaction slurry was stirred at 0° C. for30 min and a solution of NaNO₂ (7.3 g, 105.8 mmol) in minimal amount ofdeionized water was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at0° C. for 30 min and then at room temperature for 30 min to form a deepred solution. The reaction mixture was re-cooled to 0° C., and asolution of SnCl₂.2H₂O (47.4, 210.0 mmol) dissolved in minimal amount ofconcentrated hydrochloric acid was added then dropwise. The thick, brownmixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min and then at room temperature for4 h. The solid was collected by filtration and washed with cold ethanol(200 mL). The yellow solid was suspended in 2:1 CHCl₃/iPrOH (300 mL) andthe solution was adjusted to pH ˜12-14 with 2 M aqueous sodium hydroxide(300 mL). The phases were separated and the aqueous layer was furtherextracted with CHCl₃/iPrOH (2×300 mL). The combined organic layers weredried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude product was used directlywithout further purification (12.7 g, 79.8 mmol, 75%).

b) To a stirring suspension of crude 5-hydrazinylisoquinoline (0.45 g,2.2 mmol) and 2-oxocyclopentanecarbonitrile (prepared as in Fleming, etal. J. Org. Chem., 2007, 72, 1431-1436, 0.24 g, 2.2 mmol) in ethanol (10mL) was heated at 70° C. for 2 h. After cooling to room temperature, 3 Maqueous sodium hydroxide (0.5 mL) was added to the reaction mixture andstirred at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture was then concentratedin vacuo and the resulting residue was extracted with ethyl acetate. Theorganic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo.The crude residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 5-10%ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give the desired product (0.48 g, 1.6 mmol,73%).

c) A mixture of 4-t-butylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (0.075 g, 0.32 mmol)and 2-(isoquinolin-5-yl)-2,4,5,6-tetrahydrocyclopentapyrazol-3-amine(0.050 g, 0.20 mmol) in pyridine (1 mL) was stirred at room temperaturefor 1 h. The reaction mixture was added 1 N aqueous hydrochloric acidand extracted with in 2:1 CH₂Cl₂/iPrOH (2×10 mL). The combine organiclayers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Theresulting material was purified by reverse phase HPLC (C18 column,acetonitrile-H₂O with 0.1% TFA as eluent) to give the title compound asa white solid (0.025 g, 0.056 mmol, 28%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ10.10 (s, 1H), 9.35 (s, 1H), 8.42 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=8.8 Hz,1H), 7.68 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.41-7.37 (m, 3H),7.18 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.64 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.21 (pent, J=7.2 Hz,2H), 2.06 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.25 (s, 9H); MS: (ES) m/z calculated forC₂₅H₂₇N₄O₂S [M+H]⁺ 447.2, found 447.1.

Example 25: Synthesis ofN-(1-(1-aminoisoquinolin-5-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-4-t-butylbenzenesulfonamide

a) To a stirring suspension of 5-hydrazinylisoquinoline (prepared fromExample 25 step a, 0.60 g, 3.8 mmol) and 3-oxobutanenitrile (0.31 g, 3.8mmol) in ethanol (3 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 2 h. After cooling toroom temperature, the reaction mixture was in vacuo and the resultingcrude residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 0-20% methanolin ethyl acetate) to give the desired product (0.067 g, 2.8 mmol, 73%).

b) To a solution of 1-(isoquinolin-5-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine(0.45 g, 2.0 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) was added DMAP (0.30 g,2.5 mmol) and di-t-butyl dicarbonate (Boc₂O, 1.2 g, 5.5 mmol). Thereaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 h and ethylacetate was added. The resulting solution was washed with 2 N aqueoussodium hydroxide, 2 N aqueous hydrochloric acid, and brine. The organiclayer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crudeproduct was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 20-50% ethyl acetatein hexanes) to afford the desired product (0.76 g, 1.8 mmol, 90%).

c) To a stirring solution of di-t-butyl1-(isoquinolin-5-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yliminodicarbonate (0.15 g,0.35 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) at 0° C. was added3-chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA, 0.2 g, 0.90 mmol). The reaction mixturewas slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred at the sametemperature for 4 h. A solution of 15% iPrOH in dichloromethane wasadded to the reaction mixture and washed with aqueous saturated sodiumbicarbonate. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flashchromatography (SiO₂, 5-10% methanol in dichloromethane) to afford thedesired product (0.12 g, 0.27 mmol, 78%).

d) A stirring mixture of5-(5-(bis(t-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)isoquinoline2-oxide (0.12 g, 0.27 mmol) in toluene (3 mL) and dichloromethane (3 mL)at 0° C. was added t-butylamine (0.3 mL, 2.86 mmol) andp-toluenesulfonic anhydride (Ts₂O, 0.30 g, 0.93 mmol) in three portions.The reaction mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature over 2 h andethyl acetate was added. The organic layer was washed with aqueoussaturated sodium bicarbonate, 1 N aqueous hydrochloric acid, and brine.The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated invacuo. The resulting crude product was then dissolved in dichloromethane(5 mL) and a solution of hydrochloric acid in p-dioxane (4.0 N solutionin p-dioxane, 5.0 mL, 20 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 2 h and ethyl acetate was added. Theorganic layer was washed with aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate,dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude productwas used directly without further purification (0.026 g, 0.090 mmol,33%)

e) A mixture of crude5-(5-amino-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-N-t-butylisoquinolin-1-amine (0.055g, 0.30 mmol), 4-acetylbenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (0.090 g, 0.39 mmol),and DMAP (0.037 g, 0.30 mmol) in pyridine (2 mL) was heated at 85° C.for 1 h with stirring. After cooling to room temperature, 1 M aqueouslithium hydroxide (1 mL) and 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide (1 mL) wereadded to the reaction mixture. The resulting mixture was heated at 75°C. for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixturewas neutralized with 1 N aqueous hydrochloric acid. The aqueous layerwas extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic layer was washed withaqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The crude material was used directly to the nextstep.

f) The crude residue was dissolved in TFA (8 mL) and heated at 80° C.for 1.5 h with stirring. The reaction mixture was cooled to roomtemperature and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was thendissolved in 15% methanol in dichloromethane and washed with aqueoussaturated sodium bicarbonate. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄),filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude product waspurified by reverse phase HPLC (C18 column, acetonitrile-H₂O with 0.1%TFA as eluent) to give the title compound as a white solid (0.035 g,0.080 mmol, 42% for 2 steps). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.23 (dd, J=0.8,8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.60-7.54 (m, 3H), 7.50-7.42 (m, 4H), 6.31 (dd, J=0.8, 6.4Hz, 1H), 5.93 (s, 1H), 2.22 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 9H); MS: (ES) m/zcalculated for C₂₃H₂₆N₅O₂S [M+H]⁺436.2, found 436.1.

Example 26: Synthesis of4-t-butyl-3-fluoro-N-(3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide

a) To a stirred suspension of nitrosyl tetrafluoroborate (8.4 g, 71.9mmol) in dichloromethane at 0° C. was added quinolin-5-yl-hydrazine(prepared as in Laali, et al. J. Fluorine Chem., 2001, 107, 31-34, 12.0g, 61.8 mmol) in small portions over 5 min. After the addition iscomplete, the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and slowlywarmed to room temperature over 1 h to form a fine suspension. To thissuspension, 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (ionicliquid, 50 g, 252.6 mmol) was slowly added, and the resulting mixturewas heated at 75° C. for 2 h. The organic volatile was removed bydistillation via a Dean-Stark condenser. After cooling the mixture toroom temperature, diisopropyl ethylamine (iPr₂NEt, 10 mL) was added tothe reaction mixture and stirred for 10 min. Diethyl ether (300 mL) wasadded to the reaction mixture and washed with 1 N aqueous hydrochloricacid, and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo.The crude product was used directly without further purification (10.0g, 50.8 mmol, 82%).

b) In a Parr shaker flask containing crude1-t-butyl-2-fluoro-4-nitrobenzene (1.0 g, 5.1 mmol) and Pd/C (10% byweight, 0.040 g) in methanol (60 mL) was hydrogenated at 60 psi for 2 h.The reaction mixture was diluted with methanol and filtered through apad of Celite. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the resultingresidue was used directly without further purification (0.80 g, 4.8mmol, 94%).

c) To a flask containing glacial acetic acid (2 mL) at 0° C. was bubbledin sulfur dioxide gas (SO₂) for 30 min. Copper(I) chloride (CuCl, 0.10g, 1.0 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred 30 min at 0°C. to give a blue-green solution. To a separate flask, a solution ofcrude 4-t-butyl-3-fluro aniline (0.20 g, 1.2 mmol) in concentratedhydrochloric acid (3 mL) at −15° C. was added a solution of NaNO₂ (0.12g, 1.7 mmol) in deionized water (1 mL). The reaction mixture was stirredat the same temperature for 30 min. This diazonium solution was slowlyadded to the prepared copper solution and the resulting solution wasbubbled with SO₂ for another 5 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at−15° C. for 1 h and warmed to 0° C. over 1 h. Diethyl ether was thenadded to the reaction mixture and the content was poured over ice. Theresulting mixture was extracted with diethyl ether and the organic layerwas further washed with ice water, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The dark crude oil was purified by flashchromatography (SiO₂, 1-3% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to afford thedesired product (0.075 g, 0.30 mmol, 25%).

d) A mixture of 4-t-butyl-3-fluorobenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (0.075 g,0.30 mmol), 3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (prepared fromExample 4 step b, 0.050 g, 0.22 mmol), and DMAP (0.027 g, 0.22 mmol) inpyridine (1 mL) was heated at 85° C. for 2.5 h with stirring. Aftercooling to room temperature, 1 M aqueous lithium hydroxide (1 mL) and 1M aqueous sodium hydroxide (1 mL) were added to the reaction mixture.The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 h andneutralized with 1 N aqueous hydrochloric acid. The aqueous layer wasextracted with ethyl acetate and the organic layer was washed withaqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude residue was purified byreverse phase HPLC (C18 column, acetonitrile-H₂O with 0.1% TFA aseluent) to give the title compound as a white solid (0.006 g, 0.014mmol, 6%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.83 (dd, J=1.6, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 8.08(dd, J=1.2, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (dd, J=7.2, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (ddd, J=0.8,1.6, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (dd, J=1.2, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.40-7.31 (m, 3H), 7.20(dd, J=1.6, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 5.88 (s, 1H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 9H); MS:(ES) m/z calculated for C₂₃H₂₄FN₄O₂S [M+H]⁺ 439.2, found 439.2.

Example 27: SynthesisN-(1-(2-aminoquinolin-5-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-4-t-butyl-3-fluorobenzenesulfonamide

a) To a solution of 3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine(prepared from Example 4 step b, 4.0 g, 17.9 mmol) in dichloromethane(50 mL) was added DMAP (2.2 g, 17.9 mmol) and Boc₂O (7.8 g, 35.9 mmol).The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h and ethylacetate was added. The organic layer was washed with 1 N aqueoushydrochloric acid, aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate, and brine. Theorganic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuoand the crude product was used directly without further purification(3.5 g, 8.3 mmol, 46%).

b) To a stirring solution of crude di-t-butyl3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yliminodicarbonate (3.5 g, 8.3mmol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) at 0° C. was slowly added mCPBA (4.0 g,17.8 mmol). The reaction mixture was slowly warmed to room temperatureand stirred for 2 h. A solution of 15% iPrOH in dichloromethane wasadded to the reaction mixture and washed with aqueous saturated sodiumbicarbonate. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flashchromatography (SiO₂, 2-5% methanol in dichloromethane) to afford thedesired product (3.0 g, 6.8 mmol, 82%).

c) A stirring mixture of5-(5-(bis(t-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)quinoline1-oxide (3.0 g, 6.8 mmol) in toluene (40 mL) and dichloromethane (40 mL)at 0° C. was added t-butylamine (5.5 mL, 52.3 mmol) and Ts₂O (5.0 g,15.3 mmol) in two portions. The reaction mixture was slowly warmed toroom temperature over 2 h and ethyl acetate was added. The organic layerwas washed with aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate, 1 N aqueoushydrochloric acid, and brine. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄),filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was thendissolved in dichloromethane (10 mL) and a solution of hydrochloric acidin p-dioxane (4.0 N solution in p-dioxane, 20 mL, 80 mmol) was added.The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and ethylacetate was added. The organic layer was washed with aqueous saturatedsodium bicarbonate, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo.The crude product was used directly without further purification (0.45g, 1.52 mmol, 22%)

d) A mixture of crude5-(5-amino-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-N-t-butylquinoline-2-amine (0.075g, 0.25 mmol), 4-t-butyl-3-fluorobenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (preparedfrom Example 27 step c, 0.11 g, 0.44 mmol), and DMAP (0.031 g, 0.25mmol) in pyridine (2 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 2 h with stirring.After cooling to room temperature, 1 M aqueous lithium hydroxide (1 mL)and 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide (1 mL) were added to the reactionmixture and heated at 70° C. for 30 min. After cooling to roomtemperature, the reaction mixture was neutralized with 1 N aqueoushydrochloric acid. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetateand the organic layer was washed with aqueous saturated sodiumbicarbonate, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Thecrude material was used directly to the next step.

e) The crude residue was dissolved in TFA (6 mL) and heated at 75° C.for 2 h with stirring. After cooling to room temperature, the reactionmixture was concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was then dissolvedin 10% methanol in dichloromethane and washed with aqueous saturatedsodium bicarbonate. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude product was purified byreverse phase HPLC (C18 column, acetonitrile-H₂O with 0.1% TFA aseluent) to give the title compound as a white solid (0.011 g, 0.024mmol, 10% for 2 steps). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 11.01 (br s, 1H), 7.47(m, 2H), 7.31 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (dd,J=2.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (dd, J=2.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (m, 3H), 5.86 (s,1H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.32 (s, 9H); MS: (ES) m/z calculated forC₂₃H₂₅FN₅O₂S [M+H]⁺ 454.2, found 454.1.

Example 28: Synthesis of4-t-butyl-3-chloro-N-(3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide

a) To a stirring solution of quinolin-5-yl-hydrazine (prepared as inLaali, et al. J. Fluorine Chem., 2001, 107, 31-34, 0.25 g, 1.29 mmol) inconcentrated hydrochloric acid (1.3 mL) at 0° C. was added a solution ofNaNO₂ (0.13 g, 1.9 mmol) in deionized water (0.64 mL). The reactionmixture was stirred for 30 min at 0° C. and heated at 70° C. for 30 min.Copper(II) chloride (0.22 g, 1.6 mmol) was added to the hot mixture andstirred at 70° C. for 30 min. After cooling the reaction mixture to roomtemperature, a precipitate was formed and the solid was collected byfiltration. The solid was rinsed with cold deionized water and driedunder vacuum to give the desired product (0.13 g, 0.61 mmol, 47%).

b) Concentrated hydrochloric acid (0.25 mL) was added slowly to asolution of 1-t-butyl-2-chloro-4-nitrobenzene (0.13 g, 0.61 mmol) andiron powder (0.17 g, 3.0 mmol) in ethanol (1.2 mL). The reaction mixturewas stirred at room temperature for 1 h and the slurry was diluted withethanol. The resulting mixture was then filtered through a pad of Celiteand rinsed with additional ethanol (30 mL). The filtrate wasconcentrated in vacuo and the resulting crude material was purified byflash chromatography (SiO₂, 0-80% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to affordthe desired product (0.10 g, 0.55 mmol, 90%).

c) To a solution of glacial acetic acid (2 mL) at 0° C. was bubbled insulfur dioxide gas (SO₂) for 30 min. Copper(II) chloride (0.073 g, 0.54mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for an additional 30min at 0° C. To another flask containing of 4-t-butyl-3-chloroaniline(0.10 g, 0.54 mmol) in concentrated hydrochloric acid (0.5 mL) was addeda solution of NaNO₂ (0.06 g, 0.87 mmol) in deionized water (0.1 mL) at0° C. with stirring. This diazonium solution was slowly added to theprepared copper solution and stirred at 0° C. for 30 min. Diethyl etherwas added to the reaction mixture and the phases were separated. Theaqueous layer was further extracted with ethyl acetate (2×10 mL), andthe combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by flashchromatography (SiO₂, 0-20% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to afford thedesired product (0.061 g, 0.23 mmol, 42%).

d) A mixture of 4-t-butyl-3-chlorobenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (0.050 g,0.19 mmol) and 3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (preparedfrom Example 4 step b, 0.042 g, 0.095 mmol) in pyridine (0.2 mL) washeated at 80° C. for 1 h with stirring. After cooling to roomtemperature, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and thecrude residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 20% ethylacetate in hexanes) to give the title compound as a white solid (0.066g, 0.16 mmol, 83%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.86 (dd, J=2.0, 4.0 Hz,1H), 7.98 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (d, J=8.4 Hz,1H), 7.44 (s, 3H), 7.40 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (dd, J=4.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H),5.48 (s, 1H), 2.02 (s, 3H), 1.44 (s, 9H); MS: (ES) m/z calculated forC₂₃H₂₄ClN₄O₂S [M+H]⁺ 455.2, found 455.2.

Example 29: Synthesis of3-fluoro-4-isopropoxy-N-(3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide

a) To a stirring solution of 2-fluoro-4-nitrophenol (1.6 g, 10.2 mmol)and potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃, 2.5 g, 18.1 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) wasstirred at room temperature for 5 min. Isopropyl iodide (iPrI, 2 mL,20.0 mmol) was then added to the reaction and the resulting mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 2 h, and then heated at 45° C. for 6 h.The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and diethyl etherwas added. The mixture was washed with deionized water and aqueoussaturated sodium bicarbonate. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄),filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was used directlywithout further purification (2.0 g, 10.1 mmol, 99%).

b) To a Parr shaker flask containing crude2-fluoro-1-isopropoxy-4-nitrobenzene (2.0 g, 10.1 mmol) and Pd/C (10% byweight, 0.50 g) in methanol (100 mL) was hydrogenated at 35 psi for 1 h.The reaction mixture was diluted with methanol and filtered through apad of Celite. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the resultingresidue was used directly without further purification (1.7 g, 10.1mmol, 100%).

c) To a solution of glacial acetic acid (40 mL) was bubbled in SO₂.After 15 min, copper (I) chloride (0.50 g, 5.1 mmol) was added and thebubbling of SO₂ gas continued until the solution maintained a green/bluecolor. To another flask containing of crude 3-fluoro-4-isopropoxyaniline(1.5 g, 8.9 mmol) in 1:1 glacial acetic acid and concentratedhydrochloric acid (10 mL) at −15° C. was added a solution of NaNO₂ (0.75g, 10.8 mmol) in deionized water (3 mL) and stirred at −15° C. for 30min. This diazonium solution was then slowly added to the preparedcopper solution and stirred at −15° C. for 30 min. Diethyl ether (30 mL)was added to the reaction mixture and stirred at −15° C. for 1 h. Thereaction mixture was poured into ice and additional diethyl ether (30mL) was added. The phases were separated and the aqueous layer wasfurther extracted with ethyl acetate (2×10 mL). The combined organiclayers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Thecrude residue was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 5-10% ethylacetate in hexanes) to afford the desired product (0.20 g, 0.79 mmol,9%).

d) A mixture of 3-fluoro-4-isopropoxybenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (0.050g, 0.19 mmol), 3-methyl-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (preparedfrom Example 4 step b, 0.025 g, 0.11 mmol), and DMAP (0.020 g, 0.16mmol) in pyridine (2 mL) was heated at 85° C. for 2 h with stirring.After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was concentratedin vacuo and the crude residue was purified by reverse phase HPLC (C18column, acetonitrile-H₂O with 0.1% TFA as eluent) to give the titlecompound as a white solid (0.015 g, 0.034 mmol, 31%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CD₃OD) δ 8.85 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (t, J=8.0Hz, 1H), 7.62 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.45-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.25 (d, J=8.8 Hz,1H), 7.12 (dd, J=2.4, 10.4 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.10 (s,1H), 4.63 (hept, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 1.37 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 6H);MS: (ES) m/z calculated for 022H₂₂FN₄O₃S [M+H]⁺ 441.2, found 441.2.

Example 30: Synthesis ofN-(1-(8-aminoquinolin-5-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-4-t-butyl-3-fluorobenzenesulfonamide

a) To a stirring solution of 5-amino-8-bromoquinoline (1.1 g, 5.0 mmol)in 6 N aqueous hydrochloric acid (10 mL) at 0° C. was slowly added solidNaNO₂ (1.0 g, 14.5 mmol), while maintaining the internal temperaturebelow 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and asolution of SnCl₂.2H₂O (3.2 g, 12.5 mmol) dissolved in 6 N aqueoushydrochloric acid (3 mL) was added then dropwise. The mixture wasstirred at room temperature for 2 h and the solution was neutralized topH ˜7 with 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide. The mixture was extracted with2:1 CHCl₃/iPrOH and the organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude product was purified by flashchromatography (SiO₂, 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give the desiredcompound as a yellow solid (0.60 g, 2.6 mmol, 51%).

b) To a stirring suspension of 8-bromo-5-hydrazinylquinoline (2.0 g, 8.4mmol) and 3-oxo-butyronitrile (0.70 g, 8.4 mmol) in ethanol (20 mL) washeated at 80° C. for 3 h. After cooling to room temperature, 5 M aqueoussodium hydroxide (1 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and heated at80° C. for 1 h. The resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature andconcentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was dissolved in 1:1dichloromethane/methanol (40 mL) and the phases were separated. Theorganic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo.The resulting crude was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 50-100%ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give a brown product as the desired product(1.1 g, 3.6 mmol, 43%).

c) A stirring mixture of 4-t-butyl-3-fluorobenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride(prepared from Example 27 step c, 1.1 g, 4.2 mmol) and1-(8-bromoquinolin-5-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (0.97 g, 3.2 mmol)in pyridine (5 mL) was heated at 80° C. for 15 h. After cooling to roomtemperature, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The crudesolid was recrystallized from hot ethanol (5 mL) and the resulting solidwas collected by filtration to give the desired compound (0.10 g, 0.19mmol, 62%).

d) To a stirring solution ofN-(1-(8-bromoquinolin-5-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-4-t-butyl-3-fluorobenzenesulfonamide(0.052 g, 0.10 mmol) in ammonium hydroxide (1 mL) and DMF (1 mL) wasadded 2,4-pentanedione (0.006 g, 0.06 mmol), cesium carbonate (Cs₂CO₃,0.064 g, 0.20 mmol), and copper(I) iodide (CuI, 0.0095 g, 0.050 mmol).The reaction mixture was heated at 120° C. in microwave for 2 h. Aftercooling to room temperature, ethyl acetate (100 mL) was added to thereaction mixture and washed with deionized water (20 mL) and brine (2×20mL). The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated invacuo. The resulting crude purified by reverse phase HPLC (C18 column,acetonitrile-H₂O with 0.1% TFA as eluent) to give the title compound asa brown solid (0.032 g, 0.070 mmol, 70%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.80(d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (dd, J=1.2, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (dd, J=4.0, 8.4Hz, 1H), 7.40 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (dd, J=2.0, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (dd,J=2.0, 12.0 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (s, 2H), 6.12 (s, 1H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 1.41 (s,9H); MS: (ES) m/z calculated for C₂₃H₂₅FN₅O₂S [M+H]⁺ 454.2, found 454.2.

Example 31: Synthesis ofN-(1-(2-aminoquinolin-5-yl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-4-t-butylbenzenesulfonamide

a) A mixture of crude5-(5-amino-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-N-t-butylquinoline-2-amine(prepared from Example 28 step c, 0.090 g, 0.31 mmol),4-t-butylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (0.15 g, 0.65 mmol), and DMAP (0.022g, 0.18 mmol) in pyridine (3 mL) was heated at 85° C. for 2 h withstirring. After cooling to room temperature, 1 M aqueous lithiumhydroxide (1 mL) and 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide (1 mL) were added tothe reaction mixture and heated at 75° C. for 1 h. After cooling to roomtemperature, the reaction mixture was neutralized with 1 N aqueoushydrochloric acid. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetateand the organic layer was washed with aqueous saturated sodiumbicarbonate, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Thecrude material was used directly to the next step.

b) The crude residue was dissolved in TFA (8 mL) and heated at 85° C.for 6 h with stirring. After cooling to room temperature, the reactionmixture was concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was then suspendedin aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate and extracted with ethylacetate. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude product was purified byreverse phase HPLC (C18 column, acetonitrile-H₂O with 0.1% TFA aseluent) to give the title compound as a white solid (0.021 g, 0.048mmol, 16% for 2 steps). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) 7.55 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H),7.55-7.54 (m, 2H), 7.49 (dd, J=7.2, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H),7.41 (s, 1H), 7.28 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (d,J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 5.93 (s, 1H), 2.21 (s, 3H), 1.35 (s, 9H); MS: (ES) m/zcalculated for C₂₃H₂₆N₅O₂S [M+H]⁺ 436.2, found 436.3.

Example 32: Synthesis of4-t-butyl-N-(3-(fluoromethyl)-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide

a) To a solution of diethyl oxalate (25.3 g, 173 mmol) in acetonitrile(100 mL) was added potassium t-butoxide (19.5 g, 173 mmol) over threeportions. The orange suspension was stirred at room temperature for 1.5h and the solid was collected by filtration to give a yellow powder asthe desired product (24.3 g, 135.8 mmol, 78%).

b) To a stirring suspension of crude 5-hydrazinylisoquinoline (preparedfrom Example 25 step a, 6.0 g, 37.7 mmol) and potassium1-cyano-3-ethoxy-3-oxoprop-1-en-2-olate (8.1 g, 45.2 mmol) in ethanol(36 mL) was added a solution of 6 N aqueous hydrochloric acid (7.7 mL,45.2 mmol) and deionized water (10 mL). The reaction mixture was heatedat 90° C. for 5 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reactionmixture was concentrated in vacuo and the resulting residue wasextracted with 2:1 chloroform/iPrOH. The organic layer was washed withaqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate and the organic layer was dried(Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting solid wassuspended in dichloromethane/diethyl ether and the yellow solid wascollected by filtration to give the desired product (3.14 g, 11.1 mmol,30%).

c) To a solution of ethyl5-amino-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate (0.25 g, 0.89 mmol)in dichloromethane (5 mL) was added DMAP (0.15 g, 1.2 mmol) and Boc₂O(0.5 g, 2.3 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperaturefor 6 h and ethyl acetate was added. The resulting solution was washedwith aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate and brine. The organic layerwas dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crudeproduct was purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂, 20-50% ethyl acetatein hexanes) to afford the desired product (0.36 g, 0.75 mmol, 84%).

d) To a solution of ethyl5-(bis(t-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate(0.20 g, 0.41 mmol) in THF (6 mL) at 0° C. was added a solution oflithium aluminum hydride (LAH, 2.0 M solution in THF, 0.48 mL, 0.96mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 5 min and aqueoussaturated potassium sodium tartrate was added to the reaction mixture.The resulting solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×5 mL). Thecombined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentratedin vacuo to give the mono-protected crude product (0.14 g, 0.41 mmol,100%).

e) To a stirring solution of t-butyl3-(hydroxymethyl)-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-ylcarbamate (0.20 g,0.59 mmol) in dichloromethane (6 mL) at −45° C. was addedN,N-diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST, 0.15 mL, 1.2 mmol) dropwise,and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 15 min. The reactionmixture was then poured into ice and aqueous sodium bicarbonate wasadded. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate and theorganic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo.The resulting crude residue was used without further purification (0.20g, 0.59 mmol, 100%).

f) To a stirring solution of t-butyl3-(fluoromethyl)-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-ylcarbamate (0.20 g,0.59 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) and methanol (1 mL) was added asolution of hydrochloric acid in p-dioxane (4 N solution in p-dioxane,10 mL, 40 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperaturefor 1 h and the organic volatile was removed in vacuo. The resultingresidue was dissolved in 2:1 chloromethane/iPrOH and washed with aqueous1 M sodium hydroxide and aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate. Theorganic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo.The crude residue was used without further purification (0.14 g, 0.59mmol, 100%).

g) To a mixture of 4-t-butylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (0.085 g, 0.37mmol), 3-(fluoromethyl)-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (0.05 g,0.21 mmol), and DMAP (0.025 g, 0.19 mmol) in pyridine (1.0 mL) washeated at 85° C. for 2 h with stirring. After cooling to roomtemperature, 1 M aqueous lithium hydroxide (1 mL) and 1 M aqueous sodiumhydroxide (1 mL) were added to the reaction mixture and heated at 75° C.for 1 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture wasneutralized with 1 N aqueous hydrochloric acid. The aqueous layer wasextracted with ethyl acetate and the organic layer was washed withaqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by reverse phaseHPLC (C18 column, acetonitrile-H₂O with 0.1% TFA as eluent) to give thetitle compound as a white solid (0.004 g, 0.009 mmol, 4%). ¹H NMR (400MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.86 (dd, J=1.2, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 8.12 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.79(dd, J=8.4, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.54 (s,1H), 7.43-7.37 (m, 4H), 6.24 (s, 1H), 5.34 (s, 1H), 5.22 (s, 1H), 1.35(s, 9H); MS: (ES) m/z calculated for C₂₃H₂₄FN₄O₂S [M+H]⁺ 439.2, found439.1.

Example 33: Synthesis of4-t-butyl-3-fluoro-N-(3-(fluoromethyl)-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzenesulfonamide

To a mixture of 4-t-butyl-3-fluorobenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride (preparedfrom Example 27 step c, 0.050 g, 0.20 mmol),3-(fluoromethyl)-1-(quinolin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine (0.025 g, 0.10mmol), and DMAP (0.012 g, 0.095 mmol) in pyridine (3 mL) was heated at85° C. for 2 h with stirring. After cooling to room temperature, 1 Maqueous lithium hydroxide (1 mL) and 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide (1 mL)were added to the reaction mixture and heated at 75° C. for 1 h. Aftercooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was neutralized with 1N aqueous hydrochloric acid. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethylacetate and the organic layer was washed with aqueous saturated sodiumbicarbonate, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Thecrude residue was purified by reverse phase HPLC (C18 column,acetonitrile-H₂O with 0.1% TFA as eluent) to give the title compound asa white solid (0.003 g, 0.007 mmol, 7%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) 8.83(dd, J=4.4, 11.6 Hz, 1H), 8.10 (dd, J=1.2, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (ddd,J=1.6, 7.6, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (dd, J=0.8, 8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.53 (dd, J=0.8,7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (dd, J=1.6, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.38-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.24 (dd,J=1.6, 12.4 Hz, 1H), 6.05 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.28 (s, 1H), 5.16 (s, 1H),1.40 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 9H); MS: (ES) m/z calculated for C₂₃H₂₆N₅O₂S [M+H]⁺457.2, found 457.2.

Measuring Efficacy of Chemokine Modulators

In Vitro Assays

A variety of assays can be used to evaluate the compounds providedherein, including signaling assays, chemotaxis (migration assays),ligand binding assays, and other assays of cellular response. Chemokinereceptor signaling assays can be used to measure the ability of acompound, such as a potential CCR(9) antagonist, to block CCR(9) ligand-(e.g. TECK)-induced signaling. Blocking such signaling can be useful intreating various diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases, anallergic disease, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, fibroticdiseases, graft rejection, immune mediated food allergies, autoimmunediseases, Celiac disease, rheumatoid arthritis, thymoma, thymiccarcinoma, leukemia, solid tumor, acute lymphocytic leukemia, melanoma,primary sclerosing cholangitis, hepatitis, inflammatory hepatic disease,or post-operative ileus. A chemotaxis assay can be used to measure theability of a compound of interest, such as a possible chemokineantagonist, to block chemokine-mediated cell migration in vitro. Thelatter is believed to resemble chemokine-induced cell migration in vivo.A ligand binding assay can also be used to measure the ability of acompound, such as a potential CCR(9) antagonist, to block theinteraction of TECK or other CCR(9) ligands with their receptor.

In a suitable assay, a chemokine protein (whether isolated orrecombinant) or other ligand is used that has at least one property,activity, or functional characteristic of a mammalian chemokine protein.The property can be a binding property (to, for example, a ligand orinhibitor), a signaling activity (e.g., activation of a mammalian Gprotein, induction of rapid and transient increase in the concentrationof cytosolic free calcium ion), cellular response function (e.g.,stimulation of chemotaxis or inflammatory mediator release byleukocytes), and the like.

The assay can be a cell-based assay that utilizes cells stably ortransiently transfected with a vector or expression cassette having anucleic acid sequence that encodes the chemokine receptor. Cell lines orisolated primary cells naturally expressing the chemokine can also beused. The cells are maintained under conditions appropriate forexpression of the receptor and are contacted with a putative agent underconditions appropriate for binding to occur. Binding can be detectedusing standard techniques. For example, the extent of binding can bedetermined relative to a suitable control (for example, relative tobackground in the absence of a putative agent, or relative to a knownligand). Optionally, a cellular fraction, such as a membrane fraction,containing the receptor can be used in lieu of whole cells.

Detection of binding or complex formation can be detected directly orindirectly. For example, the putative agent can be labeled with asuitable label (e.g., fluorescent label, chemiluminescent label, isotopelabel, enzyme label, and the like) and binding can be determined bydetection of the label. Specific and/or competitive binding can beassessed by competition or displacement studies, using unlabeled agentor a ligand (e.g., TECK) as a competitor.

Binding inhibition assays can be used to evaluate the present compounds.In these assays, the compounds are evaluated as inhibitors of ligandbinding using, for example, TECK or small molecule ligands. The CCR(9)receptor is contacted with a ligand in the presence or absence of a testagent, and a measure of ligand binding is made. A reduction in theextent of ligand binding is indicative of inhibition of binding by thetest agent. The binding inhibition assays can be carried out using wholecells which express the receptor, or a membrane fraction from cellswhich express the receptor.

Further, the binding of a G protein coupled receptor by, for example, anagonist, can result in a signaling event by the receptor. Accordingly,signaling assays can also be used to evaluate the compounds of thepresent invention and induction of signaling function by an agent can bemonitored using any suitable method. For example, G protein activity,such as hydrolysis of GTP to GDP, or later signaling events triggered byreceptor binding can be assayed by known methods (see, for example,PCT/US97/15915; Neote et al., Cell, 72:415425 (1993); Van Riper et al.,J. Exp. Med., 177:851-856 (1993) and Dahinden et al., J. Exp. Med.,179:751-756 (1994)). Calcium signaling assays also measure GPCRactivity, by measuring intra-cellular calcium concentration over time,preferably before and after receptor/ligand binding in the presence orabsence of a test agent. These assays are useful in determining theability of a compound, such as those of the present invention, togenerate the receptor signaling mediator by binding to a receptor ofinterest. Also, these assays are useful in determining the ability of acompound, such as those of the present invention, to inhibit generationof the receptor signaling mediator by interfering with binding between areceptor of interest and a ligand.

In calcium signaling assays used to determine the ability of a compoundto interfere with binding between a chemokine receptor and a knownchemokine ligand, chemokine receptor-expressing cells (CCR(9)-expressingcells such as T cell line MOLT-4 cells) are first incubated with acompound of interest, such as a potential chemokine antagonist, atincreasing concentrations. The cell number can be from 10⁵ to 5×10⁶cells per well in a 96-well microtiter plate. The concentration of thecompound being tested may range from 0 to 100 μM. After a period ofincubation (which can range from 5 to 60 minutes), the treated cells areplaced in a Fluorometric Imaging Plate Reader (FLIPR®) (available fromMolecular Devices Corp., Sunnyvale, Calif.) according to themanufacturer's instruction. The FLIPR® system is well known to thoseskilled in the art as a standard method of performing assays. The cellsare then stimulated with an appropriate amount of the chemokine ligand(TECK for CCR(9)) at 5-100 nM final concentration, and the signal ofintracellular calcium increase (also called calcium flux) is recorded.The efficacy of a compound as an inhibitor of binding between thechemokine and the ligand can be calculated as an IC50 (the concentrationneeded to cause 50% inhibition in signaling) or IC90 (at 90%inhibition).

Chemotaxis assays can also be used to assess receptor function andevaluate the compounds provided herein. These assays are based on thefunctional migration of cells in vitro or in vivo induced by an agent,and can be used to assess the binding and/or effect on chemotaxis ofligands, inhibitors, or agonists. A variety of chemotaxis assays areknown in the art, and any suitable assay can be used to evaluate thecompounds of the present invention. Examples of suitable assays includethose described in PCT/US97/15915; Springer et al., WO 94/20142; Bermanet al., Immunol. Invest., 17:625-677 (1988); and Kavanaugh et al., J.Immunol., 146:4149-4156 (1991)).

In vitro cell chemotaxis assays can be performed (but are not limited tothis format) using the 96-well microchamber (called ChemoTX™). TheChemoTX™ system is well known to those skilled in the art as a type ofchemotactic/cell migration instrument. In this assay, CCR(9)-expressingcells (such as MOLT-4) are first incubated with a compound of interest,such as a possible CCR(9) antagonist at increasing concentrations.Typically, fifty thousand cells per well are used, but the amount canrange from 10³-10⁶ cells per well. The chemokine ligand (for example,CCR(9) ligand TECK, typically at 50 nM (but can range from 5-100 nM)),is placed at the lower chamber and the migration apparatus is assembled.Twenty microliters of test compound-treated cells are then placed ontothe membrane. Migration is allowed to take place at 37° C. for a periodof time, typically 2.5 hours for CCR(9). At the end of the incubation,the number of cells that migrated across the membrane into the lowerchamber is then quantified. The efficacy of a compound as an inhibitorof chemokine-mediated cell migration can be calculated as an IC₅₀ (theconcentration needed to reduce cell migration by 50%) or IC₉₀ (for 90%inhibition).

In Vivo Efficacy Models for Human IBD

T cell infiltration into the small intestine and colon have been linkedto the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases which includeCoeliac disease, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Blockingtrafficking of relevant T cell populations to the intestine is believedto be an effective approach to treat human IBD. CCR(9) is expressed ongut-homing T cells in peripheral blood, elevated in patients with smallbowel inflammation such as Crohn's disease and Coeliac disease. CCR(9)ligand TECK is expressed in the small intestine. It is thus believedthat this ligand-receptor pair plays a role in IBD development bymediating migration of T cells to the intestine. Several animal modelsexist and can be used for evaluating compounds of interest, such aspotential CCR(9) antagonists, for an ability to affect such T cellmigration and/or condition or disease, which might allow efficacypredictions of antagonists in humans.

Animal Models with Pathology Similar to Human Ulcerative Colitis

A murine model described by Panwala and coworkers (Panwala et al., JImmunol., 161(10):5733-44 (1998)) involves genetic deletion of themurine multi-drug resistant gene (MDR). MDR knockout mice (MDR−/−) aresusceptible to developing a severe, spontaneous intestinal inflammationwhen maintained under specific pathogen-free facility conditions. Theintestinal inflammation seen in MDR−/− mice has a pathology similar tothat of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and is defined by Th1type T cells infiltration into the lamina propria of the largeintestine.

Another murine model was described by Davidson et al., J Exp Med.,184(1):241-51(1986). In this model, the murine IL-10 gene was deletedand mice rendered deficient in the production of interleukin 10(IL-10−/−). These mice develop a chronic inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) that predominates in the colon and shares histopathologicalfeatures with human IBD.

Another murine model for IBD has been described by Powrie et al., Int.Immunol., 5(11):1461-71 (1993), in which a subset of CD4+ T cells(called CD45RB(high)) from immunocompetent mice are purified andadoptively transferred into immunodeficient mice (such as C.B-17 scidmice). The animal restored with the CD45RBhighCD4+ T cell populationdeveloped a lethal wasting disease with severe mononuclear cellinfiltrates in the colon, pathologically similar with human IBD.

The TNF ARE(−/−) Model.

The role of TNF in Crohn's disease in human has been demonstrated morerecently by success of treatment using anti-TNF alpha antibody by Targanet al., N. Engl. J Med., 337(15):1029-35 (1997). Mice with aberrantproduction of TNF-alpha due to genetic alteration in the TNF gene(ARE−/−) develop Crohn's-like inflammatory bowel diseases (seeKontoyiannis et al., Immunity, 10(3):387-98 (1999)).

The SAMP/Yit Model.

This model is described by Kosiewicz et al., J Clin. Invest.,107(6):695-702 (2001). The mouse strain, SAMP/Yit, spontaneouslydevelops a chronic inflammation localized to the terminal ileum. Theresulting ileitis is characterized by massive infiltration of activatedT lymphocytes into the lamina propria, and bears a remarkableresemblance to human Crohn's disease.

Examples of In Vitro Assays

Reagents

MOLT-4 cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection(Manassas, Va.) and cultured in RPMI tissue culture medium supplementedwith 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) in a humidified 5% CO₂ incubator at 37°C. Recombinant human chemokine proteins TECK was obtained from R&DSystems (Minneapolis, Minn.). ChemoTX® chemotaxis microchambers werepurchased from Neuro Probe (Gaithersburg, Md.). CyQUANT® cellproliferation kits were purchased from Molecular Probes (Eugene, Oreg.).Calcium indicator dye Fluo-4 AM was purchased from Molecular Devices(Mountain View, Calif.).

Evaluation of a Test Modulator in a Calcium Mobilization Assay

A cytoplasmic calcium mobilization assay was used to determine theefficacy of potential receptor antagonists at blocking the signalsmediated through chemokine receptors, such as CCR(9). This assay wasroutinely performed using the Fluorescent Imaging Plate Reader (FLIPR,Molecular Devices). MOLT-4 cells were labeled with thefluorescent-indicator dye Fluo-4 (Molecular Devices) according to themanufacturer's directions. After labeling, the cells were collected bycentrifugation (400×g for 5 min at room temperature) and resuspended inHBSS to a cell density of 2.5×10⁶ cells/mL. Test compounds were preparedin 100% DMSO at 100× the final concentration; generally, a range ofconcentrations of each compound were tested, with final concentrationsfrom 0.1 nM to 10,000 nM. Labeled cells (300 μL) were mixed withcompound or an equal volume of DMSO (3 μL) in a 96-well plate; afterthorough mixing, 50 μL of this cell/compound mixture was added to eachof four wells of a 384-well FLIPR plate. The chemokine agonist (i.e.,hTECK), prepared in HBSS at a 5× concentration of the previouslydetermined EC⁵⁰ concentration, was added to each well and resultingchanges in the fluorescent intensity, indicative of chemokinereceptor-mediated signaling, were recorded on the FLIPR. The compoundIC⁵⁰ values were calculated with these data using Graphpad Prismsoftware (Graphpad Software) and a nonlinear regression, one-sitecompetition model.

Evaluation of a Test Modulator in a Serum Chemotaxis Assay

A serum chemotaxis assay was used to determine the efficacy of potentialreceptor antagonists at blocking the migration mediated throughchemokine receptors, such as CCR(9). This assay was performed using theChemoTX® microchamber system with a 5-μm pore-sized polycarbonatemembrane. MOLT-4 cells were collected by centrifugation at 400×g at roomtemperature, then suspended at 50 million/ml in human serum, containing50 mM HEPES (final pH of 7.2). The compound being tested or anequivalent volume of its solvent (DMSO) was then added to the cell/serummixture at a final DMSO concentration of 0.125% (v/v), and this mixturewas then incubated together at 37° C. for one hour. Separately,recombinant human TECK was diluted with chemotaxis buffer (HBSS+0.1%BSA), generally spanning a range from 0.1 nM to 500 nM, after which 29μl of diluted chemokine was placed in the lower wells of the ChemoTX®plate. The 5-μm (pore size) polycarbonate membrane was placed onto theplate, and 20 μL of the cell/compound mixture was transferred onto eachwell of the membrane. The plates were incubated at 37° C. for 90minutes, after which the polycarbonate membranes were removed and 5 μlof the DNA-intercalating agent CyQUANT (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.)was added to the lower wells. The amount of fluorescence, correspondingto the number of migrated cells, was measured using a Spectrafluor Plusplate reader (TECAN, San Jose, Calif.).

The A2 values were calculated from the following equation, comparing theefficacy of the test compound with that of the DMSO-only control atequi-active chemokine levels:Log(A2)=log[drug(M)]−log[(A′/A)−1]

where A reflects the potency of the agonist in the absence of antagonistand A′ reflects the potency of the agonist in the presence of antagonistat a given concentration of drug ([drug(M)]).

Examples of In Vivo Efficacy Assays

Evaluation of a Test Modulator in a CCR(9) Dependent T Cell TraffickingModel

Single cell suspensions were prepared from spleens and lymph nodes ofOT-I Tg CD45.1 mice. 15×10⁶ total cells (about 3×10⁶ CD8 T cells) wereinjected into sex-matched congenic CD45.2 C57BL/6n mice (8-10 weeksold). 24 hours later, animals were immunized via oral gavage with 25 mgOvalbumin protein (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.)+10 ug Cholera Toxin(Calbiochem, San Diego, Calif.). CCR(9) antagonists were administeredprior to oral ovalbumin in a time frame dictated by their mousepharmacokinetics and dosed throughout. Five days post immunization,animals were euthanized, and small intestines were harvested. Peyer'spatches were removed and, after flushing with PBS, the gut was opened ona wet square of Optima fabric (Allegiance Healthcare). The mucosa wasscraped with a scalpel and then dissociated by stirring in 50 ml ofmedium containing 10% newborn calf serum and DTT (1 mM) for 15 min atroom temperature. After centrifugation, pellets were resuspended in PBScontaining 10% newborn calf serum, vortexed for 3 min, and rapidlypassed through a glass wool column (1.6 g packed in a 20-ml syringe;Fisher Scientific). IEL were further purified on a Ficoll-Paque gradientand stained with mAbs for flow cytometry analysis. Transferred OT-1 TgCD45.1 T cells were detected and quantified by flow cytometry. In thismodel treatment with a compound of the invention resulted in asignificant reduction in the frequency of OT-1 Tg CD45.1 T cells thattraffic to the small intestine in response to antigen.

Evaluation of a Test Modulator in a Cell Transfer Model of Colitis

Single cell suspensions of purified CD4+ CD25− T cells were generatedfrom the spleen and lymph nodes of Balb/c mice. 1×106 CD4+ CD25− T cellwere then transferred into sex and age-matched CB17 SCID mice. CD4+CD25− recipient mice received either vehicle or a compound of theinvention starting 2 hrs prior to the transfer. Mice body weights weremonitored weekly, as mice develop disease they lose weight. Mice inwhich the disease progression has been slowed or inhibited will have amarked difference in their body weight relative to mice receivingvehicle. At the end of the study the colons of the mice are weighed andmeasured in order to assess the remodeling of the target tissue. Changesin cytokines were also measured in colonic tissue homogenates. Treatmentwith a compound of the invention results in significant protection fromthe wasting associated with disease as well as a normalization of thecolonic remodeling and proinflammatory cytokine levels.

Evaluation of a Test Modulator in a Model of Inhibition of HIV Spread

In the bone marrow/liver/thymus, or “BLT” mouse, nonobese diabetic(NOD)/SCID mice (which lack endogenous T and B cells) are surgicallyimplanted with fetal thymic and liver organoids, as in the SCID-husystem. The mice are then sublethally irradiated and transplanted withautologous CD34⁺ stem cells obtained from fetal liver which take upresidence in the murine bone marrow, effectively receiving a human bonemarrow transplant and resulting in a range of human cells in peripheralblood, including mature T and B lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, anddendritic cells, all of which show extensive infiltration of organs andtissues including liver, lung, and gastrointestinal tract. Followingtransplantation, a compound of the invention is administered totransplanted mice to inhibit the trafficking of human cells to thegastrointestinal tract, a major source of T cell/HIV interaction.Compound efficacy is measured as a reduction in blood viral load bystandard techniques.

Evaluation of a Test Modulator in a Model of Arthritis

A 17-day study of type II collagen-induced arthritis is conducted toevaluate the effects of a modulator on arthritis-induced clinical ankleswelling. Rat collagen-induced arthritis is an experimental model ofpolyarthritis that has been widely used for preclinical testing ofnumerous anti-arthritic agents (see Trentham et al., J. Exp. Med.146(3):857-868 (1977), Bendele et al., Toxicologic Pathol. 27:134-142(1999), Bendele et al., Arthritis. Rheum. 42:498-506 (1999)). Thehallmarks of this model are reliable onset and progression of robust,easily measurable polyarticular inflammation, marked cartilagedestruction in association with pannus formation and mild to moderatebone resorption and periosteal bone proliferation.

Female Lewis rats (approximately 0.2 kilograms) are anesthetized withisoflurane and injected with Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant containing 2mg/mL bovine type II collagen at the base of the tail and two sites onthe back on days 0 and 6 of this 17-day study. The test modulator isdosed daily by sub-cutaneous injection from day 9 to day 17 at a dose of100 mg/kg and a volume of 1 mL/kg in the following vehicle (24.5%Cremaphore EL, 24.5% common oil, 1% Benzylalcohol and 50% Distilledwater). Caliper measurements of the ankle joint diameter are takendaily, and reducing joint swelling is taken as a measure of efficacy.

Evaluation of a Test Modulator in a Model of Ulcerative Colitis

The MDR1a-knockout mice, which lack the P-glycoprotein gene,spontaneously develop colitis under specific pathogen-free condition.The pathology in these animals has been characterized as Th1-type Tcell-mediated inflammation similar to ulcerative colitis in humans.Disease normally begins to develop at around 8-10 weeks after birth.However the ages at which disease emerges and the ultimate penetrancelevel often vary considerably among different animal facilities.

In a study using the MDR1a-knockout mice, a CCR(9) antagonist of theinvention was evaluated by prophylactic administration for its abilityto delay disease onset. Female mice (n=34) were dosed with 10-100 mg/kgonce a day by subcutaneous injections for 14 consecutive weeks startingat age 10 weeks. The study was evaluated for IBD-associated growthretardation, and the tested compound was shown to be efficacious in thismodel.

Evaluation of a Test Modulator in a Mouse Model of Asthma

This example describes a procedure to evaluate the efficacy ofantagonists for treatment of asthma. An animal model of asthma can beinduced by sensitizing rodents to an experimental antigen (e.g. OVA) bystandard immunization, and subsequently introducing that same antigeninto the rodents lung by aerosolization. Three series of rodent groups,comprising 10 rodents per group, are actively sensitized on Day 0 by asingle i.p. injection with 100 ug OVA in phosphate-buffered saline(PBS), along with an adjuvant e.g. aluminum hydroxide. At 11 days aftersensitization, the animals are placed in a Plexiglas chamber andchallenged with aerosolized OVA (1%) for 30 minutes using the ultrasonicnebulizer (De Vilbliss). One series of mice additionally receives PBSand Tween 0.5% i.p. at the initial sensitization, and at differentdosing schedules thereafter, up until the aerosolized OVA challenge. Asecond series consists of groups of mice receiving different doses ofthe CCR4 antagonist given either intraperitoneally, intra-venously,sub-cutaneously, intra-muscularly, orally, or via any other mode ofadministration at the initial sensitization, and at different dosingschedules thereafter, up until the aerosolized OVA challenge. A thirdseries of mice, serving as positive control, consists of groups treatedwith either mouse IL-10 i.p., anti-IL4 antibodies i.p., or anti-IL5antibodies i.p. at the initial sensitization, and at different dosingschedules thereafter, up until the aerosolized OV A challenge. Animalsare subsequently analyzed at different time points after the aerosolizedOVA challenge for pulmonary function, cellular infiltrates inbronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), histological examination of lungs, andmeasurement of serum OVA specific IgE titers.

It is therefore intended that the foregoing detailed description beregarded as illustrative rather than limiting, and that it be understoodthat it is the following claims, including all equivalents, that areintended to define the spirit and scope of this invention.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A compound or salt thereof of formula (II):

wherein: R¹ is selected from the group consisting of substituted orunsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy,unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkylamino, and substituted or unsubstituted C₃₋₁₀heterocyclyl; and R² is H, F, Cl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈alkoxy; or R¹ and R² together with the carbon atoms to which they areattached form a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring or a heterocyclic ring; R³is H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy, or halo; R⁴ is H or F; R⁵ is H, F, Cl, or—CH₃; and R⁶ is H, halo, —CN, —CO₂R^(a), —CONH₂, —NH₂, unsubstitutedC₁₋₈ aminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, or substitutedor unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy, wherein R^(a) is H or substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl; or R⁵ and R⁶ together with the carbon atoms towhich they are attached form a carbocyclic ring; L is a bond, —CH₂—, or—CH(CH₃)—; Z is selected from the group consisting of

and N-oxides thereof; the Z group is unsubstituted or substituted with 1to 3 independently selected R⁸ substituents; each R⁸ is independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, halo, —CN, —OH, oxo,substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₁₋₈ alkoxy, —NR²⁰R²¹, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl;R²⁰ and R²¹ are each independently H or substituted or unsubstitutedC₁₋₈ alkyl, wherein substituents for substituted alkyl including thealkyl portions of aminoalkyl, alkylamino, and alkoxy are independentlyselected from: halogen, —CN, —CO₂R′, —C(O)R′, —C(O)NR′R″, oxo (═O or—O⁻), —OR′, —OC(O)R′, —OC(O)NR′R″, —NO₂, —NR′C(O)R″, —NR′″C(O)NR′R″,—NR′R″, —NR′CO₂R″, —NR'S(O)R″, —NR'S(O)₂R′″, —NR′″S(O)NR′R″,—NR′″S(O)₂NR′R″, —SR′, —S(O)R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)₂NR′R″,—NR′—C(NHR″)═NR′″, —SiR′R″R′″, —OSiR′R″R′″, —N₃, unsubstituted C₆₋₁₀aryl, unsubstituted 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, and unsubstituted 3-to 10-membered heterocyclyl; wherein the number of substituents is fromzero to (2m′+1), where m′ is the total number of carbon atoms in thealkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl group; wherein substituents for substitutedaryl, heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl are independently selected fromhalogen, —CN, —CO₂R′, —C(O)R′, —C(O)NR′R″, oxo (═O or —O⁻), —OR′,—OSiR′R″R′″, —OC(O)R′, —OC(O)NR′R″, —NO₂, —NR′C(O)R″, —NR′″C(O)NR′R″,—NR′R″, —NR′CO₂R″, —NR'S(O)R″, —NR'S(O)₂R″, —NR′″S(O)NR′R″,—NR′″S(O)₂NR′R″, —SR′, —S(O)R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)₂NR′R″,—NR′—C(NHR″)═NR′″, —SiR′R″R′″, —N₃, unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl,unsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkenyl, unsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkynyl, unsubstitutedC₆₋₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, andunsubstituted 3- to 10-membered heterocyclyl; wherein the number ofpossible substituents to substituted aryl, heterocyclyl, and heteroarylis from 0 to the total number of open valences on the ring system; andwherein R′, R″ and R′″ are each independently hydrogen, unsubstitutedC₁₋₈ alkyl, unsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkenyl, or unsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkynyl.2. The compound claim 1 or salt thereof, wherein Z is

wherein the Z group is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 3independently selected R⁸ substituents.
 3. The compound of claim 2 orsalt thereof, wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of:—CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃, —C(CH₃)₂CH₂CH₃, —C(CH₂CH₂)CN,—C(OH)(CH₃)₂, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂, —OC(CH₃)₃, —OCH₂CH(CH₃)₂,—OCF₃, and morpholino; R² is H, F, or Cl; or R³ is H, —CH₃, or —OCH₃; R⁴is H or F; R⁵ is H; R⁶ is H, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, —C₃H₇, —CH₂F,—CHF₂, —CF₂CH₃, —CF₃, —CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂OH, —CH₂CN, —CN, or —CONH₂; and eachR⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br,—CH₃, —OH, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —NH₂, —N(CH₃)₂, and —CN.
 4. The compound ofclaim 2 or salt thereof, wherein R¹ is —C(CH₃)₃; R² is H or F; R³ is H;R⁴ is H; R⁵ is H; and R⁶ is —CH₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, or —CF₃.
 5. The compoundof claim 1 or salt thereof, of formula (IIIa) or (IIIb):

wherein: R¹ is selected from the group consisting of substituted orunsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy,unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkylamino, and substituted or unsubstituted C₃₋₁₀heterocyclyl; and R² is H, F, Cl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈alkoxy; or R¹ and R² together with the carbon atoms to which they areattached form a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring or a heterocyclic ring; R³is H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy, or halo; R⁴ is H or F; R⁵ is H, F, Cl, or—CH₃; and R⁶ is H, halo, —CN, —CO₂R^(a), —CONH₂, —NH₂, unsubstitutedC₁₋₈ aminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, or substitutedor unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy, wherein R^(a) is H or substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl; or R⁵ and R⁶ together with the carbon atoms towhich they are attached form a carbocyclic ring; each R⁸ isindependently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, —CN, —OH,oxo, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy, —NR²⁰R²¹, substituted or unsubstituted aryl,substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted orunsubstituted heterocyclyl; R²⁰ and R²¹ are each independently H orsubstituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl; and n is 0, 1, 2 or
 3. 6. Thecompound of claim 5 or salt thereof, wherein R¹ is selected from thegroup consisting of: —CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, —C(CH₃)₃, —C(CH₃)₂CH₂CH₃,—C(CH₂CH₂)CN, —C(OH)(CH₃)₂, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂, —OC(CH₃)₃,—OCH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —OCF₃, and morpholino; and R² is H, F, or C₁; or R¹ andR² together form —OC(CH₃)₂CH₂— or —C(CH₃)₂CH₂CH₂—; R³ is H, —CH₃, or—OCH₃; R⁴ is H or F; R⁵ is H; R⁶ is H, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, —C₃H₇,—CH₂F, —CHF₂, —CF₂CH₃, —CF₃, —CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂OH, —CH₂CN, —CN, or —CONH₂;and each R⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F,Cl, Br, —CH₃, —OH, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —NH₂, —N(CH₃)₂, and —CN.
 7. Thecompound of claim 5 or salt thereof, wherein R¹ is —C(CH₃)₃.
 8. Thecompound of claim 5 or salt thereof, wherein R² is H or F; R³ is H; R⁴is H; and R⁶ is —CH₃, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, or —CF₃.
 9. A composition comprisinga pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound or salt of formula(I):

wherein: R¹ is selected from the group consisting of substituted orunsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy,unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkylamino, and substituted or unsubstituted C₃₋₁₀heterocyclyl; and R² is H, F, Cl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈alkoxy; or R¹ and R² together with the carbon atoms to which they areattached form a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring or a heterocyclic ring; R³is H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy, or halo; R⁴ is H or F; R⁵ is H, F, Cl, or—CH₃; and R⁶ is H, halo, —CN, —CO₂R^(a), —CONH₂, —NH₂, substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy, orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ aminoalkyl, wherein R^(a) is H or substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl; or R⁵ and R⁶ together with the carbon atoms towhich they are attached form a carbocyclic ring; L is a bond, —CH₂—, or—CH(CH₃)—; each of A¹, A², A³, A⁴, A⁵, A⁶, A⁷, and A⁸ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of N, N—O, and —CR⁸—; wherein atleast one and not more than two of A¹, A², A³, A⁴, A⁵, A⁶, A⁷, and A⁸are N or N—O; R⁸ is each independently selected from the groupconsisting of H, halo, —CN, —OH, oxo, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy, —NR²⁰R²¹, substitutedor unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, andsubstituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; R²⁰ and R²¹ are eachindependently H or substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, whereinsubstituents for substituted alkyl including the alkyl portions ofaminoalkyl, alkylamino, and alkoxy are independently selected from:halogen, —CN, —CO₂R′, —C(O)R′, —C(O)NR′R″, oxo (═O or —O—), —OR′,—OC(O)R′, —OC(O)NR′R″, —NO₂, —NR′C(O)R″, —NR′″C(O)NR′R″, —NR′R″,—NR′CO₂R″, —NR'S(O)R″, —NR'S(O)₂R′″, —NR′″S(O)NR′R″, —NR′″S(O)₂NR′R″,—SR′, —S(O)R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)₂NR′R″, —NR′—C(NHR″)═NR′″, —SiR′R″R′″,—OSiR′R″R′″, —N₃, unsubstituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted 5- to10-membered heteroaryl, and unsubstituted 3- to 10-memberedheterocyclyl; wherein the number of substituents is from zero to(2m′+1), where m′ is the total number of carbon atoms in the alkyl,alkenyl, and alkynyl group; wherein substituents for substituted aryl,heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl are independently selected from halogen,—CN, —CO₂R′, —C(O)R′, —C(O)NR′R″, oxo (═O or —O⁻), —OR′, —OSiR′R″R′″,—OC(O)R′, —OC(O)NR′R″, —NO₂, —NR′C(O)R″, —NR′″C(O)NR′R″, —NR′R″,—NR′CO₂R″, —NR'S(O)R″, —NR'S(O)₂R″, —NR′″S(O)NR′R″, —NR′″S(O)₂NR′R″,—SR′, —S(O)R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)₂NR′R″, —NR′—C(NHR″)═NR′″, —SiR′R″R′″,—N₃, unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, unsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkenyl, unsubstitutedC₂₋₈ alkynyl, unsubstituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted 5- to 10-memberedheteroaryl, and unsubstituted 3- to 10-membered heterocyclyl; whereinthe number of possible substituents to substituted aryl, heterocyclyl,and heteroaryl is from 0 to the total number of open valences on thering system; and wherein R′, R″ and R′″ are each independently hydrogen,unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, unsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkenyl, or unsubstitutedC₂₋₈ alkynyl.
 10. The composition of claim 9, wherein the compound orsalt thereof is of formula (II):

wherein: R¹ is selected from the group consisting of substituted orunsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy,unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkylamino, and substituted or unsubstituted C₃₋₁₀heterocyclyl; and R² is H, F, Cl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈alkoxy; or R¹ and R² together with the carbon atoms to which they areattached form a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring or a heterocyclic ring; R³is H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy, or halo; R⁴ is H or F; R⁵ is H, F, C₁, or—CH₃; R⁶ is H, halo, —CN, —CO₂R^(a), —CONH₂, —NH₂, unsubstituted C₁₋₈aminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, or substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy; R^(a) is H or substituted or unsubstitutedC₁₋₈ alkyl; L is a bond; and Z is

wherein the Z group is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 3independently selected R⁸ substituents; each R⁸ is independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, halo, —CN, —OH, oxo,substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₁₋₈ alkoxy, —NR²⁰R²¹, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl;and R²⁰ and R²¹ are each independently H or substituted or unsubstitutedC₁₋₈ alkyl.
 11. A method of modulating CCR(9) function in a cell,comprising contacting the cell with a CCR(9) modulating amount of thecompound of claim
 1. 12. A method for treating a CCR(9)-mediatedcondition or disease comprising administering to a subject in needthereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or salt thereofof formula (I):

wherein: R¹ is selected from the group consisting of substituted orunsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy,unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkylamino, and substituted or unsubstituted C₃₋₁₀heterocyclyl; and R² is H, F, Cl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈alkoxy; or R¹ and R² together with the carbon atoms to which they areattached form a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring or a heterocyclic ring; R³is H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy, or halo; R⁴ is H or F; R⁵ is H, F, Cl, or—CH₃; and R⁶ is H, halo, —CN, —CO₂R^(a), —CONH₂, —NH₂, substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy, orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ aminoalkyl, wherein R^(a) is H or substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl; or R⁵ and R⁶ together with the carbon atoms towhich they are attached form a carbocyclic ring; L is a bond, —CH₂—, or—CH(CH₃)—; each of A¹, A², A³, A⁴, A⁵, A⁶, A⁷, and A⁸ are independentlyselected from the group consisting of N, N—O, and —CR⁸—; wherein atleast one and not more than two of A¹, A², A³, A⁴, A⁵, A⁶, A⁷, and A⁸are N or N—O; R⁸ is each independently selected from the groupconsisting of H, halo, —CN, —OH, oxo, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy, —NR²⁰R²¹, substitutedor unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, andsubstituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl; and R²⁰ and R²¹ are eachindependently H or substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, whereinsubstituents for substituted alkyl including the alkyl portions ofaminoalkyl, alkylamino, and alkoxy are independently selected from:halogen, —CN, —CO₂R′, —C(O)R′, —C(O)NR′R″, oxo (═O or —O⁻), —OR′,—OC(O)R′, —OC(O)NR′R″, —NO₂, —NR′C(O)R″, —NR′″C(O)NR′R″, —NR′R″,—NR′CO₂R″, —NR'S(O)R″, —NR'S(O)₂R′″, —NR′″S(O)NR′R″, —NR′″S(O)₂NR′R″,—SR′, —S(O)R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)₂NR′R″, —NR′—C(NHR″)═NR′″, —SiR′R″R′″,—OSiR′R″R′″, —N₃, unsubstituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted 5- to10-membered heteroaryl, and unsubstituted 3- to 10-memberedheterocyclyl; wherein the number of substituents is from zero to(2m′+1), where m′ is the total number of carbon atoms in the alkyl,alkenyl, and alkynyl group; wherein substituents for substituted aryl,heterocyclyl, and heteroaryl are independently selected from halogen,—CN, —CO₂R′, —C(O)R′, —C(O)NR′R″, oxo (═O or —O⁻), —OR′, —OSiR′R″R′″,—OC(O)R′, —OC(O)NR′R″, —NO₂, —NR′C(O)R″, —NR′″C(O)NR′R″, —NR′R″,—NR′CO₂R″, —NR'S(O)R″, —NR'S(O)₂R″, —NR′″S(O)NR′R″, —NR′″S(O)₂NR′R″,—SR′, —S(O)R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)₂NR′R″, —NR′—C(NHR″)═NR′″, —SiR′R″R′″,—N₃, unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, unsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkenyl, unsubstitutedC₂₋₈ alkynyl, unsubstituted C₆₋₁₀ aryl, unsubstituted 5- to 10-memberedheteroaryl, and unsubstituted 3- to 10-membered heterocyclyl; whereinthe number of possible substituents to substituted aryl, heterocyclyl,and heteroaryl is from 0 to the total number of open valences on thering system; wherein R′, R″ and R′″ are each independently hydrogen,unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, unsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkenyl, or unsubstitutedC₂₋₈ alkynyl; and wherein the CCR(9)-mediated disease or condition isselected from the group consisting of ulcerative colitis, Crohn'sdisease, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, graft rejection, immunemediated food allergies, celiac disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis,and graft-v-host disease.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein thecompound or salt thereof is of formula (II):

wherein: R¹ is selected from the group consisting of substituted orunsubstituted C₂₋₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy,unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkylamino, and substituted or unsubstituted C₃₋₁₀heterocyclyl; and R² is H, F, Cl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈alkoxy; or R¹ and R² together with the carbon atoms to which they areattached form a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring or a heterocyclic ring; R³is H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy, or halo; R⁴ is H or F; R⁵ is H, F, Cl, or—CH₃; R⁶ is H, halo, —CN, —CO₂R^(a), —CONH₂, —NH₂, unsubstituted C₁₋₈aminoalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, or substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkoxy; R^(a) is H or substituted or unsubstitutedC₁₋₈ alkyl; L is a bond; Z is

wherein the Z group is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 3independently selected R⁸ substituents; each R⁸ is independentlyselected from the group consisting of H, halo, —CN, —OH, oxo,substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedC₁₋₈ alkoxy, —NR²⁰R²¹, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl;and R²⁰ and R²¹ are each independently H or substituted or unsubstitutedC₁₋₈ alkyl.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the subject is a human.15. The method of claim 12, wherein the administering is oral,parenteral, rectal, transdermal, sublingual, nasal or topical.
 16. Themethod of claim 12, wherein the CCR(9)-mediated disease or condition isan inflammatory bowel disease selected from Crohn's disease orulcerative colitis.
 17. The method of claim 12, wherein theCCR(9)-mediated disease or condition is asthma.
 18. The method of claim12, wherein the CCR(9)-mediated disease is graft-v-host disease.
 19. Themethod of claim 12, further comprising administering ananti-inflammatory or analgesic agent.